pathology 2

Question 1

causes of thyrotoxicosis (hyper)

Answer 1

Autonomous nodule in the hyperthyroid state(toxic adenoma)
Long acting thyroid stimulator secretion, lats (igg antibody) as in graves’ disease
Follicular carcinoma oF the thyroid (hyper functioning metastasis)
Drugs: Amiodarone, lithium

Question 2

what does thyroid gland release

Answer 2

t3 and t4

calcitonin

Question 3

where is t3 and t4 released

Answer 3

Follicular epithelial cells

Question 4

Where is calcitonin release

Answer 4

Parafollicular cells, C cells

Question 5

secretion thyroid hormones mechanism

Answer 5

TSH from pituitary
Acts on Thyrofollicular cells to secrete tetra iodo thyronine
Combines with tyrosine, stored in the follicular cells in form of t4
Secreted into circulation in form of t3 and t4 whenever demand through thyroid capillaries

Question 6

pathology of graves

Answer 6

action of LATS on thyroid follicular cells

• The cells divide/secrete excess of thyroid hormone
• Out of control from pituitary TSH
• Loss of normal feedback

Question 7

Causes of 
-Thyoid enlargement 
-Exopthalmos 
_myxedema 
-Loss of SC fat/muscle bulk in graves

Answer 7

Enlargement of the thyroid gland , diffuse, due to hyperplasia of the follicles
Exophtholmos –staring eyes – due to expansion of retro orbital fat, soft tissue
Pretibial myxedema-thickening of skin due to deposition of mucin like material
Loss of subcutaneous fat /muscle bulk, palpitation due to increased bmr: this is due to secretion of excessive thyroid hormone

Question 8

Complications of hyperthyroidism/thyroitoxicosis

Answer 8

HF
angina
AF
Osteoporosis
Thyroid storm (emergency)