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Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 1 - ARTERIES & VEINS ✔️ > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

0
Q

What does it mean if the SMA goes straight up instead of its normal parallel to the aorta?

A

Could have a lymphatic mass; they cluster around the great vessels

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1
Q

When scanning the aorta, which sections are focused on?

A

Long & transverse

Prox, mid, distal

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2
Q

Most are ______ aneurysms and involve all ______ layers.

A

True; three

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3
Q

What percent of AAA are infrarenal?

A

95%

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4
Q

What does infrarenal mean?

A

Below the renal arteries

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5
Q

How do you measure the aorta in long?

A

Anteroposterior (AP)

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6
Q

What is common in larger aneurysms?

A

Mural thrombus

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7
Q

Tortuosity and folding in an aneurysm is called what?

A

Atherosclerosis; plaque build up

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8
Q

What results when there is an infection in the aorta?

A

Mycotic aneurysm (mycosis)

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9
Q

At what size is surgery on an aneurysm considered?

A

Greater than 5 cm

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10
Q

What results when trauma occurs to the aorta?

A

Aortic pseudoaneurysm

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11
Q

What is an AAA?

A

Permanent localized abnormal dilation of any vessel

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12
Q

What is aortic ectasia?

A

Characterized by aortic root dilation associated with HTN and aging
Resulting in aortic regurgitation

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13
Q

At what size is an abnormality considered a AAA?

A

Increase in diameter of greater than 1.5 times the normal

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14
Q

What is the normal diameter of the aorta?

A

Less than 3 cm
Tapers as you go distal
Dependent on age, gender, blood pressure

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15
Q

How are AAA usually found?

A

Physical exam by palpating a pulsatile mass or by an ABD bruit

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16
Q

Where are most AAA found?

A

Infrarenal; below the renal arteries

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17
Q

What are 11 AAA risk factors?

A

Over age 60 Smoke
HTN Vascular disease
COPD Family history
Diabetes Congenital
Trauma/inflammation Syphilis
Plaque build up - atherosclerosis

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18
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder

May be diagnosed at birth or not recognized till later in life

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19
Q

What causes AAA?

A

Inflammation of media and adventitia
Increased pressure
Abnormal volume load

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20
Q

For AAA, what are examples of inflammation of media and adventitia?

A

Rheumatic fever, polychondritis, ankylosing spondylitis

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21
Q

For AAA, what are examples of increased pressure?

A

Systematic hypertension, aortic valve stenosis

22
Q

For AAA, what are examples of abnormal volume load?

A

Serve aortic regurgitation

23
Q

What are clinical symptoms of AAA?

A 
Asymptomatic
Symptoms resulting from a rupture or vessel expansion - pain
ABD bruit
Palpable mass
Drop in hematocrit
24
Q

What does “drop in hematocrit” mean?

A

Something is bleeding

25
Q

If a AAA is smaller than 4 cm, what does the doctor do?

A

A follow up every 6 months

26
Q

If a AAA is greater than 4 cm, what does the doctor do?

A

Possibly a surgical intervention

27
Q

If a AAA is greater than 6 cm, what is this considered?

A

High risk

28
Q

AAA growth rate depends on what?

A

Initial size
Cardiac disease
Blood pressure lowing meds

29
Q

What relationship must you determine when you see an aneurysm?

A

The relationship to the renal arteries

30
Q

How is a true aneurysm classified?

A

Forms when the tensile strength of the wall decreases

Greater than 3 cm AP

31
Q

What are the 2 appearances of an aneurysm?

A

Saccular - balloons off aorta - sudden

Fusiform - gradual enlargement - most common

32
Q

Psuedoaneuryms are found where?

A

In the groin area

33
Q

When dealing with a psuedoaneurysm, what is pulsatile hematoma?

A

Leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery

34
Q

When could a psuedoaneurysm occur?

A

Status post a cardiac cath or angiography

35
Q

How might you fix a psuedoaneurysm?

A

Surgical repair
Compression technique
Thrombin injection - clotting

36
Q

Other than an AAA, what else could be wrong with the aorta?

A

Could have a dissection or flap

37
Q

What are 4 symptoms of an aortic dissection?

A

Intense chest pain
HTN
ABD pain
Neurological symptoms

38
Q

What happens when there is an aortic dissection?

A

Hemorrhage between layers due to separation of the layers

39
Q

What is a type of aortic dissection?

A

DeBakey Model -different type depending on location of flap

40
Q

What are 5 physical symptoms of an AAA rupture?

A 
Excruciating pain
Shock
Organ displacement
Compression
Greater than 6 cm
41
Q

What are 5 clinical symptoms of a ruptured AAA?

A 
Intense back pain
Decrease in hematocrit
Hypotension
Nausea
Vomiting
42
Q

If an AAA ruptures, what will be done?

A

Emergency surgery

CT is usually the method of choice not US

43
Q

How will an AAA be fixed during surgery?

A

Stent graft repair

44
Q

What might a psuedo pulsatile ABD mass be?

A 
Tumor
Fibroid uterus
Horseshoe kidneys
Para aortic nodes
Pancreatic cancer
45
Q

What are arteriovenous fistulas?

A

Acquired secondary to trauma

Communication between an artery and vein

46
Q

What are clinical signs of an arteriovenous fistula?

A

Pain
Pulsatile mass
Massive swelling of lower extremities
Dilated IVC

47
Q

What are some IVC abnormalities?

A

Congenital - double IVC, infrahepatic interruption of the IVC

48
Q

What will a dilation of the IVC cause?

A

Right ventricular failure

49
Q

2 types of IVC tumors are?

A

Renal cell cancer

Wilm’s tumor

50
Q

What is IVC thrombosis?

A

Pulmonary emboli from lower extremities

Insert a filter to fix

51
Q

What are symptoms of renal vein obstruction?

A 
Dehydration in infants
Adult kidneys look abnormal
Flank pain
Hematuria
Proteinuria
52
Q

What are symptoms of renal vein thrombosis?

A 
Related to thrombosis in IVC
Pain
Hematuria
Nephromegaly
Decreased flow
53
Q

Renal artery stenosis will cause?

A

Hypertension

Use Doppler

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 1 - ARTERIES & VEINS ✔️ (5 decks)

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