Pathology Flashcards
Glands have ________ and _______ layers
Stomal and epithelial
Define hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Define anaplastic
Poorly differentiated malignancy → does not resemble original cell type
Define hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
Cardiac hypertrophy can be seen physiologically in pregnancy due to……
Increase in blood volume
Define dysplasia
Pre-malignant change in which cellular DNA has begun to accumulate but has not developed the ability to invade
Define Metaplasia
A reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type in response to a stimulus
Outline metaplasia in Barret’s oesophagus
Squamous epithelium to intestinal type columnar epithelium (mucin rich goblet cells) indicating intestinal metaplasia
Outline metaplasia that can occur in lungs of smokers, etc
Columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells
Greatest source of oestrogen comes from…
Adipose tissue
Lynch syndrome is also known as…
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma
Lynch syndrome is a….
Autosomal dominant mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes (micro satellite instability)
Lynch syndrome increases risk of which cancers?
Colorectal, Endometrial, Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (bladder and ureteric cancers)
________ is used to look for expression in tumour, MSI and mutation in Lynch syndrome
Immunohistochemistry
Which encoded proteins are related to Lynch syndrome?
MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, PMS1 and PMS2
Define Neoplasms
A new and abnormal growth of tissue in a part of the body
T or F: Leiomyomas are neoplastic
True
Leiomyomas arise from ___________ cells
Smooth muscle
As a connective tissue tumour, Leiomyosarcomas consist of _________
spindle cells
Leiomyomas tend to arise between ________ and ________ as they are ________ dependent
Menarche
Menopause
Oestrogen
T or F: Leiomyosarcoma (malignant) are really common
False
CGIN is a……
High grade glandular abnormality
CIN is…..
Squamous abnormality
Features of PAP smear consistent with HPV infection
Irregular nuclei with binucleate forms and a strange perinuclear halo
How to differentiate between CIN 1, 2 and 3
CIN 1 → genuine dysplasia and atypia in cells up to lower 1/3rd
CIN 2 → genuine dysplasia and atypia in cells up to 2/3rd
CIN 3 → genuine dysplasia and atypia in cells present throughout the full thickness
Give examples of epithelial surface tumours
Serous tumour
Mutinous tumour
Endometrioid tumour
Cystadenocarcinoma
Give examples of germ cell tumours
Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Give examples of Sex cord stromal cell tumours
Fibroma
Granulosa-theca cell tumours
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour
Which cancers can metastasise to ovaries
Breast
Colon
Lung
Other sites
________________ are the cell type most associated with a reaction to foreign non-organic material
Histiocytes (macrophages)
What does this image show
Neutrophil
What does this image show
Lymphocyte
What does this image show
Basophil
What does this image show
Macrophage
Twin pregnancy
Molar pregnancy
Choriocarcinoma
Ovarian germ cell tumours
Placental abruption
Placenta praevia
Which of the following will not result in high serum HCG?
Placenta praevia
For choriocarcinoma, what is seen on US?
Mass/lesion with necrosis and vascularity
Complete moles most commonly arise from __________________ and less commonly from __________________
Fertilisation of an empty ovum by a single sperm that undergoes duplication of its chromosomes
Dispermy in which two sperms fertilise and empty ovum
Partial moles arise from….
Two sperm fertilising a single ovum
T or F: Complete moles can progress to become choriocarcinomas
True
Most common cancers in kids are…
Blood, brain, bone
If on pathology report cells contain mucin it is most likely a…
Adenocarcinoma as adecarcinoma are glandular and glands contain mucin
Define…
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma – malignancy of cartilage
Osteosarcoma – malignancy of bone
Rhabdomyosarcoma – malignancy of skeletal muscle
Angiosarcoma – malignancy of blood vessel
Leiomyosarcoma – malignancy of smooth muscle
Signet ring sign is a feature that a cell….
Contains musin → so likely glandular
If a neck mass moves on swallowing it is related to the…
Thyroid
______________________ are usually lateral in the neck at the angle of the mandible and as a congenital lesion
Branchial cleft cysts
______________ are mobile and present in midline, they also protrude on tongue protrusion
Thyroglossal duct cyst
___________________ is when fT4 is in normal range while TSH is raised and and in ___________________ fT4 is in normal range while TSH is low
Subclinical hypothyroidism
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
Oncocytic change is….
Cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
T or F: Oncocytic change is normal in thyroiditis
True → sometimes referred to as Hurthle cells
Classification of thyroid lumps via FNA
Thy 1 – inadequate
Thy 2 – Benign
Thy 3 – Atypia or follicular lesion
- Thy 3A – atypia of unknown significance
- Thy 3F – could be adenoma or carcinoma
Thy 4 – Atypia suspicious of malignancy
Thy 5 - Malignant (?type)
What is a granuloma
An organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes
Formation of granuloma:
Non-specific inflammatory response triggered by _____________________ or by _______________________ resulting in activation of ____________. Failure of removal of the stimulus results in _______________________. The end results is an ______________________
Diverse antigenic agents
Inert foreign materials
T lymphocytes and macrophages
Persistent production of activated cytokines
Organised collection of persistently activated cells
Weinberg’s Hallmarks of Cancer
Resisting apoptosis
Sustained proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Inducing angiogenesis
Features of benign tumours
Macro (round)
Symmetrical, organised
Homogenous (cut surface is uniform)
Encapsulated (lesion is slow growing)
Normal N:C (nucleus: cytoplasm) ratio
Features of malignant tumours
Look nasty/not natural
Irregular
Infiltrative
Destructive
Heterogenous
Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatia
Define Pleomorphism
Cells grow in multiple shapes and sizes
Define Hyperchromatia
Darkly stained nuclei, usually due to increased DNA content
Why do malignant tumours cause weight loss?
They are very metabolic active, divide frequently thus requiring lots of energy
They also increase metabolism through TNF
T or F: A strong immune response to a tumour indicates poor prognosis
False → indicates good prognosis
T or F: Cancer patients often get unusual reactions to infections
True
