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3MB Transition Block > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical barriers to infection

A

Skin
Mucosa

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2
Q

What are the mucosal barriers to infection

A

Respiratory tract (with cilia)
Gastrointestinal tract
Genital tract and urinary system

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3
Q

What are the chemical barriers to infection

A

Hydrochloric acid (stomach)
Lysozyme (sweat and tears)

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4
Q

Response duration of innate immune system

A

Rapid (0-4 hours)

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5
Q

Innate immune system involves

A

Neutrophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Macrophage
Natural Killer Cell
Dendritic Cell

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6
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation

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7
Q

Neutrophile circulate through the _________________, they migrate to ______________

A

Blood and lymphatic system
Areas of inflammation

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8
Q

Function of Eosinophil

A

Important in responding to parasites

Exocytosis of their granules

Phagocytosis (but less than neutrophils and macrophages)

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9
Q

Eosinophils contain granules with…

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

Chemicals toxic to pathogens, such as “major basic protein“

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10
Q

Function of basophil and mast cells

A

Allergic response

  • Contain cytoplasmic granules
  • Degranulation releases pro-inflammatory cytokines
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11
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Recognise “Pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs)

Kill pathogens and abnormal cells by phagocytosis

Release cytokines that initiate the inflammatory response

Activate the other cells of the immune system (e.g. interferons)

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12
Q

Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) released by ________________ and attracts ____________

A

Foreign cells
Leukocytes

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13
Q

Innate immune system are responsible for ________

A

Acute inflammation and killing of pathogen

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14
Q

Response duration of adaptive immune response

A

Slow response (4-96 hours)

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15
Q

Adaptive immune response involves

A

Helper T cell (CD4)
Cytotoxic T cell (CD8)
B cell
Plasma cell

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16
Q

Function of Helper T cell (cell mediated response)

A

Recognise MHC II antigens

Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection

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17
Q

Function Cytotoxic T cell (cell mediated response)

A

Granule exocytosis causing destruction of the cell

Induces apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells via activating the Fas pathway

Recognise MHC I antigens

Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection

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18
Q

CD4 cells have _____________ receptors while CD8 cells have _______________ receptors

A

MHC Class II

MHC Class I

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19
Q

Function of B cell (humoral response)

A

Mediates hyperacute organ rejection

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20
Q

Function of Plasma cell

A

Produce large amounts of antibodies specific to particular antigen

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21
Q

Once activated B-cells can become either…

A

Plasma cell – secrete antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)

Memory B cell – await a later infection with the same pathogen

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22
Q

B- cells differentiate in ______________

A

Germinal centre of lymph nodes, the spleen and MALT

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23
Q

B cells mature in the _______________ while T cells mature in the _______________

A

Bone marrow
Thymus gland

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24
Q

Natural Killer cells activated by….

A

Cytokines from macrophages and interferons

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25
Q

Function of Natural Killer Cells

A

Recognise virally infected or abnormal (e.g. cancerous) cells

Destroy these cells by releasing cytokines that stimulate apoptosis in cell or create a hole in the cell membrane causing lysis

Release IFN-γ that activates macrophages

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26
Q

Specialist dendritic cells found in the skin are called ________________

A

Langerhans cells

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27
Q

Function of Dendritic cells

A

Take up antigens, process them and display them on their cell surface

Have both MHC class I and class II molecules

Act as messengers, taking antigens from infected tissues to lymph nodes to activate T cells

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28
Q

Antibody types released from Plasma cells….

A

IgA (commonest)
IgE

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29
Q

Antibody types released from Mature B cells….

A

IgG (commonest in blood serum)
IgD

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30
Q

Antibody types released from short lived plasma cells….

A

IgM (first infection response)

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31
Q

Function of IgA

A

Neutralisation (serum)
Neonatal protection
Mucosal neutralisation (secretory)
Protect mucosa from infection

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32
Q

Function of IgG

A

Foetal protection
Opsonisation
Neutralisation
Agglutination system activation
NKC activation

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33
Q

Function of IgE

A

Allergic response (mast cells, eosinophils, basophils)

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34
Q

The outer area of the thymus is called the ________, which is where T cells ______________________

A

Cortex
Proliferate and start develop into specialised cells

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35
Q

The inner area of the thymus is called the ______________, which is where the mature T cells are found __________________________.

A

Medulla

Before they enter the blood, and it also contains the waste products of defective T cells

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36
Q

Role of lymph nodes….

A

Hold lots of cells of the immune system, particularly lymphocytes

Act as filters for pathogens and abnormal cells

37
Q

What does follicles of lymph nodes contain

A

Primary follicles contain unstimulated B cells and do not have germinal centres

Secondary follicles have germinal centres (that stain a lighter colour) and contain activated B cell that are generating plasma cells and memory B cells

38
Q

What does cortex, paracortex and medulla of lymph node contain

A

Cortex – contains B cells and follicles

Paracortex – contains T cells and dendritic cells

Medulla – contains plasma cells, T and B cells and macrophages

39
Q

Red pulp is where _____________________

A

Old red blood cells are removed

40
Q

Immune cells wrap themselves around the arterioles in the spleen forming the _______________

A

White pulp

41
Q

Immediately around the arteriole in the spleen is the ___________________________

A

Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

42
Q

Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) contain…..

A

T cells and dendritic cells

43
Q

The __________________ surrounds the PALS in the white pulp of the spleen

A

Marginal zone

44
Q

Marginal zone contains……

A

B cells and macrophages

45
Q

__________________________ are various substances that are unique to pathogens, such as double stranded RNA, unmethylated DNA (from bacteria), mannose-containing carbohydrates (from bacteria) and lipopolysaccharide (from bacteria cell walls)

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

46
Q

_____________________ are the receptors on cells of the innate immune system (most notably macrophages) that allow them to recognise PAMPs

A

Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)

47
Q

Opsonins are any molecule that ______________________________

A

Binds to a pathogen or pathogenic material and signals to phagocytes to destroy that pathogen by phagocytosis

48
Q

Macrophages have _____________________ that allow them to recognise features that are generic to pathogens, called __________________________________

A

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

49
Q

Why are TLRs and PAMPs recognised as a foreign invader to the body?

A

As they are not present on human cells

50
Q

Phagocytosis is the process of ___________________________

A

Recognising pathogens or abnormal or infected cells, ingesting them and killing them

51
Q

Cells responsible for phagocytosis

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

52
Q

4 stages of phagocytosis

A

Attachment
Ingestion
Killing
Degradation

53
Q

Inflammation helps the innate immune system by…

A

Activates more macrophages

Recruiting monocytes that differentiate into macrophages when they enter the tissue

Recruits and activates neutrophils and NK cells

Brings opsonins that help macrophages and neutrophils recognise and phagocytose pathogens

54
Q

Interferons are cytokines that are produced by….

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes (particularly natural killer cells)
Endothelial
Epithelial cells

55
Q

Inteferons act by….

A

Blocking viral entry into cells

Block viral replication inside cells

Activate macrophages and natural killer cells

56
Q

Localised effects of inflammation on local tissues

A

Activation of endothelial cells to display adhesion molecules
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability

57
Q

Inflammation leads to activation of pro-inflammatory systems such as

A

Clotting
Kinin
Complement

58
Q

Cytokine that simulates the liver to produce acute phase proteins (opsonins)

A

IL-6

59
Q

Cytokine that act on the central nervous system to cause fever, lethargy and anorexia

A

IL-1

60
Q

Cytokine that recruits and activates neutrophils

A

IL-8

61
Q

Cytokines that activate natural killer cells

A

IL-2 and IL-12

62
Q

T or F: Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has the same action of all of the other interleukins

A

True

63
Q

Class I MHC molecules are found on ______________________ while Class II MHC molecules are found on __________________________

A

Almost all cells with a nucleus

Mostly dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes and B cells

64
Q

Class I MHC molecules present _________________________ while Class II MHC molecules present _________________________

A

Antigens that come from within the cells (i.e. from a virus that had infected and is replicating within the cell)

Antigens that come from outside the cell

65
Q

Class I MHC molecules recognised exclusively by _______________ while Class II MHC molecules recognised exclusively by ________________

A

CD8 cells
CD4 cells

66
Q

Th1 are stimulate B cells to produce _____________ while Th2 stimulate B cells to produce _________________

A

IgG
All antibodies but especially IgE

67
Q

Th1 cells are responsible for….

A

Delayed-type (Type IV) hypersensitivity reactions

68
Q

Th 1 secrete ___________ which stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of other ______________

A

IL-2
CD4 and CD8 cells

69
Q

Th 2 cells are responsible for….

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (allergy) and asthma
Parasitic infections

70
Q

IgA secreted in

A

Saliva, respiratory secretions and breast milk

71
Q

________is the most common antibody in the blood

A

IgG

72
Q

_________is the first antibody produced in an acute infection

A

IgM

73
Q

T cells recognise antigens using a specific type of receptor called the….

A

T-cell Receptor (TcR)

74
Q

T or F: T cells can recognise free floating antigens

A

False

75
Q

T cells require the antigen to be presented to them by ________________________ on the surface of other cells

A

Major histocompatibility complex molecules

76
Q

Major histocompatibility complex is also known as….

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

77
Q

How are CD4 cells activated

A

Dendritic cells recognise pathogenic material, absorb it and present it on their Class II MHC molecules

Once activated, dendritic cells leave the tissues, enter the blood and travel to the lymphatic tissue

They enter the paracortex in lymph nodes or the PALS in the spleen and search for the relevant CD4 cells that matches the antigen they are displaying

Dendritic cells also wait in these areas for free floating antigens that they can pick up and display for CD4 cells

78
Q

Dendritic cells pick up antigenic material, display it on _______________ and travel to _________________, this is recognised by CD8 cells that have __________________. These cells then undergo dramatic proliferation and differentiation into ___________________

A

MHC class I molecules (as well as class II)

Lymphatic tissue

TcRs specific to that antigen

Cytotoxic T cells specific to that antigen

79
Q

Mechanisms by which cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

A

Granule exocytosis
By activating the Fas molecule

80
Q

“Granule exocytosis”, where they spray the infected cell with enzymes that ________________ and cause ___________________

A

Destroy the membrane
Cell lysis and death

81
Q

Fas molecule undergoes _________ once activated

A

Apoptosis

82
Q

IgE is important in ___________, and measuring specific IgE to allergens (e.g. peanuts) can give an indication about _______________

A

Asthma and allergy
Person’s allergy status

83
Q

Measuring IgG is useful to ___________________

A

Detect a patients immunity to a condition (e.g. response to a vaccine or having previously had a condition such as chickenpox)

84
Q

Measuring IgM gives a good indication of an ________, as it tends to ______________

A

Acute infection
Disappear once the infection is gone (unlike IgG)

85
Q

IgM has a ________ in the blood

A

Snowflake appearance

86
Q

The formation of memory B cells accounts for the ___________________ after vaccination

A

Rapid production of IgG at re-exposure to a microbe

87
Q

_______________ only contain specific parts of the organism (such as the exact antigen required) to stimulate an immune response and the subsequent immunity to the disease

A

Subunit vaccines

88
Q

_________________ contain pathogens that have been treated to kill them (e.g. with heat) to make them unable to cause an infection but still contain all the necessary antigens to stimulate an immune response

A

Inactivated vaccines

89
Q

________________ contain a weakened version of the virus, and are still capable of causing the infection and should be avoided in immunosuppressed patients

A

Live attenuated vaccines

3MB Transition Block (10 decks)

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