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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of gland forms ear wax?

A

Ceruminous glands

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2
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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3
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear.

Usually due to viral infection.

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4
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

An abnormal, non-cancerous skin growth within the middle ear.

May be acquired or congenital.

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5
Q

What should be considered in young patients with bilateral vestibular schwannoma?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

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6
Q

What can lead to the development of nasal polyps?

A

Allergy (e.g. aspirin)
Infection
Asthma
Nickel

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7
Q

What should be considered in those with nasal polyps at a young age?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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8
Q

What is Samter’s triad?

A

Bronchial asthma, nasal polyps and aspirin tolerance.

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9
Q

What form of vasculitis is Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)?

A

Small vessel

Only affects the respiratory tract and the kidneys.

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10
Q

Which antibodies are seen in GPA?

A

cANCA

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11
Q

Which condition is associated with pANCA antibodies?

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

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12
Q

What are risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

EBV
Nitrosamines
Occupation
Smoking
Alcohol
HPV

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13
Q

Which cancers are linked to EBV?

A

Burkitt lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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14
Q

Which forms of HPV cause squamous cell papilloma on the throat?

A

HPV6
HPV11

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15
Q

What are paragangliomas?

A

Tumours arising in clusters around neuroendrocrine cells.

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16
Q

What is the most common cancer of the head and neck?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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17
Q

What is sialothiasis?

A

The formation of salivary gland stones.

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18
Q

What is the most common form of salivary gland tumor?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the adenoids?

A

To trap bacteria and viruses on inhalation, presenting them to the immune system.

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20
Q

Why are throat swabs not indicated in tonsillitis?

A

They can often grow bacteria not responsible for the infection.

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21
Q

What should be suspected if sore throat and malaise persist despite antibiotic treatment?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

Order WBC and Paul Bunnell test

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22
Q

How should viral tonsilitis be treated?

A

Mild analgesia - will improve 3-4 days.

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23
Q

How does viral tonsilitis present?

A

Malaise
Fever

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24
Q

How does bacterial tonsilitis present?

A

Systemic upset
Odynophagia
Haliotosis

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25
What symptom of tonsilitis warrants hospital admission?
Patient cannot eat/drink.
26
How does a peritonsillar abscess present?
Tonsilitis improved, although now have unilateral pain and odynophagia. May also have difficulty opening their mouth fully.
27
How should a peritonsillar abscess be treated?
Aspiration Antibiotics
28
What can be used to differentiate between bacterial infection and glandular fever?
In bacterial infection CRP will be high. In EBV, CRP is low.
29
What may occur if amoxicillin given in EBV?
Rash Instead, give penicillin therapy.
30
What may be the issue in an individual with obligate mouth breathing, a hyponasal voice, and sleep apnoea, alongside acute otitis media?
Enlarged adenoids
31
What is OME?
Non-acute inflammation of the middle ear, associated with fluid accumulation.
32
Is OME acute or chronic?
Tends to be chronic - AOM is acute.
33
Does hearing loss present in OME?
Yes, alongside fluid accumulation.
34
Does hearing loss present in AOM?
No, there will be fluid accumulation.
35
What are the 2 key environmental risk factors for the development of OME?
Older siblings that attend school (increased risk of URTIs) Smokers in household
36
Is otalgia present in OME?
No
37
What does a differentiate between bone conduction and air conduction signify?
A conductive hearing loss
38
How is OME treated?
Watchful waiting 90% resolve in 3 months, if not better than refer.
39
What are the 3 groupings of hearing loss?
Conductive Sensorineural Mixed
40
Does otalgia always relate to pain within the ear?
No, it may also be referred pain.
41
Why is light reflex displaced upon otoscopy in those with AOM?
As tympanic membrane is bulging.
42
Is glue ear infective?
Not usually, just the result of eustachian tube dysfunction meaning secretions cannot be cleared.
43
Why should adult OME be investigated?
To rule out malignancy as responsible pathogen.
44
What is the most common cause of a perforated ear drum?
Acute otitis media
45
What is the most common complication of cholesteatoma/AOM?
Spreading infection
46
Which gender is most likely to differ from otosclerosis?
Women It is a form of conductive hearing loss.
47
What occurs in otosclerosis?
Fixation of the stapes foot plate to the ovale window.
48
What impact does oestrogen have on the onset of otosclerosis?
Increased rate of onset
49
How is otosclerosis?
Give patient hearing aids
50
What is the most common form of sensorineural hearing loss?
Presbycusis
51
Does bone/air conduction differ in sensorineural hearing loss?
No, they both will be reduced.
52
How does noise-induced hearing loss present?
Classic dip in hearing at 4kHz
53
In which condition is a Cahart notch seen?
Otosclerosis
54
What drugs can cause sensorineural hearing loss?
Gentamicin Cisplatin Aspirin NSAIDs (if overdose)
55
What should be investigated in any patient with unilateral hearing loss?
Vestibular schwannoma
56
How does vestibular schwannoma often present?
Hearing loss Tinnitus
57
Which scan is indicated in any patient with a unilateral sensorineural hearing loss?
MRI scan
58
What does Battle's sign indicate?
Base of skull fracture Described as bruising of the mastoid.
59
What is vertigo?
The sensation of spinning.
60
Which 3 domains must be differentiated between in a patient complaining of dizziness?
Cardiac Neurological Vestibular
61
Vertigo lasting seconds is likely caused by which condition?
BPPV
62
Vertigo lasting hours is likely caused by which condition?
Meniere's disease
63
Vertigo lasting days is likely caused by which condition?
Vestibular neuritis
64
How may Meniere's disease present?
Hearing loss Vertigo (lasting hours) Tinnitus Aural pressure
65
What is the diagnostic test for BPPV?
Dix-Hallpike maneouvre
66
How is BPPV treated?
Epley maneouvre
67
How may vestibular labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis be differentiated?
Hearing loss and tinnitus only seen in vestibular labyrinthitis.
68
Does vestibular schwannoma cause vertigo?
Unlikely due to the slow growing nature of the tumor. Instead will cause a progressive imbalance.
69
Which form of asthma is associated with nasal polyps?
Non-allergic form
70
How are nasal polyps treated?
Short course of oral steroids, followed by a course of nasal steroids.
71
What should be considered in a child with unilateral nasal discharge?
A foreign body
72
How is epiglottitis managed?
Intubation This will secure the airway.
73

ENT (6 decks)

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