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ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of oral ulceration?

A

Viral infection

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2
Q

Which forms of herpes is associated with the oral mucosa?

A

HSV1

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3
Q

Which form of herpes is associated with the genital mucosa?

A

HSV2

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4
Q

How does primary HSV1 infection present?

A

Multiple painful oral ulcers.

Often affects the lips, buccal mucosa, and hard palate.

Severe cases may present with gingivostomatitis.

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5
Q

Can aciclovir eradicate HSV infection?

A

No, only used in reactivations, will reduce frequency at which these occur.

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6
Q

What is herpetic whitlow?

A

Infection of the finger with herpes.

Do not pop this!

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7
Q

How is herpes diagnosed?

A

Swab and PCR.

Only needed in those with recurrent lesions.

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8
Q

If patients presents within 72 hours of gingivostomatitis onset, how should they be managed?

A

Antiretrovirals

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9
Q

What do herpangina and hand, foot and mouth disease have in common?

A

Coxsackie virus causes both.

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10
Q

How does hand, foot and mouth disease present?

A

Maculopapular/Vesicular rash of hands and feet.

Oral enanthem (rash).

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11
Q

How long should an aphthous ulcer take to heal?

A

Less than 3 weeks.

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12
Q

Which systemic diseases may produce apthous ulcers?

A

Bechet’s disease
IBD
Coeliac disease
Reactive arhritis

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13
Q

What are possible complications of pharyngitis/tonsilltis?

A

Otitis media (most common)
Peritonsillar abscess
Lemierre syndrome

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14
Q

What are red flag symptoms of sore throat?

A

Stridor
Breathing difficulties
Dehydration
Systemically unwell

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15
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis/tonsilitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Treat with penicillin.

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16
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

An immune response to infection.

Occurs 3 weeks following sore throat.

Associated with streptococcus pyogenes infection.

17
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A gram positive organism that can be treated with penicillin.

18
Q

Which causes of sore throat is associated with the presence of atypical lymphocytes?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

19
Q

Why are glandular fever patients advised to avoid sport for 6 weeks post-infection?

A

Due to risk of splenic rupture.

20
Q

Which infection can be tested for using Paul Bunnell test and monospot test?

A

EBV

21
Q

Are antivirals useful in EBV?

A

No, manage with analgesia, bed rest and advise to avoid sport.

22
Q

How does oral thrush present?

A

White patches on red, raw mucus membranes of the throat/mouth.

Treat with nystatin.

23
Q

Are antibiotics recommended in AOM?

A

No, as 80% resolve in 4 days.

Only consider in very young, or if bilateral.

24
Q

Which bacteria has an association with otitis externa in diabetes?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

25
Q

How is otitis externa treated?

A

Clearing of the ear (aural toilet)

26
Q

What is malignant otitis externa?

A

When otitis externa invades the bone that surround the ear canal (e.g. mastoid and temporal bones).

Results in osteomyelitis - can be fatal if untreated.

27
Q

What is the most common causative organism in malignant otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

28
Q

What are risk factors for malignant otitis externa?

A

Diabetes
Previous radiotherapy of head/neck

29
Q

What is the first-line medication for bacterial sinusitis?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

30
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus spp.
Staphylococcus aureus

31
Q

What organisms may be implicated in fungal otitis externa?

A

Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans

32
Q

How should eczematous otitis externa be managed?

A

Steroids only

33
Q

What advice should be given to those with otitis externa?

A

Keep water out of the ear
Avoid trauma (no cotton buds)
Minimise hearing aid use on the affected side

34
Q

What is the caloric effect?

A

Dizziness caused by ear drops administered at a temperature similar to that of normal room temperature.

35
Q

Which drug classes may cause otitis externa?

A

Aminoglycosides
Loop diuretics

36
Q

How is infectious mononucleosis treated?

A

Supportive care
Steroids needed in severe disease

37
Q

Which organism is most commonly implicated in epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

38
Q
A

ENT (6 decks)

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