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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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2
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

The opening of the airway.

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3
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the cranial cavity?

A

Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery

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4
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the face?

A

Internal carotid artery
Branches of external carotid artery

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5
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the neck?

A

External carotid artery
Branches of subclavian artery

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6
Q

Where do all veins of the head and neck drain to?

A

Internal jugular vein

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7
Q

Why does a danger triangle exist in the areas surrounding the nose?

A

As infection may spread to deeper areas within the skull and neck.

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8
Q

General somatic sensory function is provided to the face and neck by which nerves?

A

CNV (all branches)
CNIX
CNX

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9
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

A

CNI

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sight?

A

CNII

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste?

A

CNVII, CNIX, CNX

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12
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing?

A

CNVIII

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13
Q

Which bones meet at the pterion?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

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14
Q

The area consisting of the nasal cavity, and the soft palate may be referred to as what?

A

Nasopharynx - primarily respiratory function.

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15
Q

The area consisting of below the soft palate, to the border of the superior epiglottis may be referred to as what?

A

Oropharynx - primarily digestive function.

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16
Q

The area consisting of that below the superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage may be referred to as what?

A

Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

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18
Q

What are the 5 inputs to the Kiesselbach plexus?

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic)
Posterior ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic)
Sphenopalatine artery (maxillary)
Greater palatine artery (maxillary)
Septal branch of the superior labial artery (facial)

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19
Q

What form of joint is seen in the middle ear (between the auditory ossicles)?

A

Synovial

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20
Q

What 2 muscles are involved in control of the middle ear?

A

Stapedius
Tensor tympani

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21
Q

What is the role of the stapedius muscle?

A

Acts to dampen sound through reducing the vibrations of the stapes at the ovale window.

Innervated by CNVII.

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22
Q

What is the role of the tensor tympani?

A

Reduces vibration of the malleolus, reducing sound perceived from chewing.

Innervated by CNV3.

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23
Q

How does high altitude affect the tympanic membrane?

A

Causes it to bulge as pressure greater behind this, than infront of it.

Results in a reduced ability to oscillate.

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24
Q

What maintains air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere?

A

The palate muscles.

Act by opening up the eustachian tube, equalising the pressure.

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25
Q

Why may pain from tonsils be referred to the middle ear?

A

As both are partially innervated by CNIX.

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26
Q

Why are children more susceptible to otitis media?

A

Due to shorter eustachian tube.

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27
Q

Which middle ear labyrinth is filled with perilymph?

A

Bony labyrinth

28
Q

Which middle ear is filled with endoplymph?

A

Membranous labyrinth

29
Q

Where are hair cells found in the inner ear?

A

Organ of Corti

30
Q

What do semi-circular canals detect?

A

Changes in angular movement.

31
Q

Which semi-circular canals project into the middle ear?

A

Lateral semi-circular canal

32
Q

Movement of what within the middle ear causes dizziness?

A

Fluid

33
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial nerve (CNVII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
Labyrinthe artery (branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery)

34
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

35
Q

Which nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Facial nerve

Via the chorda tympani

36
Q

Damage to the chorda tympani results in what?

A

Dry mouth
Loss of taste in anterior 2/3rds of mouth

37
Q

Which nerve provides sensory function to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

38
Q

Which nerve provides sensory function to posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

39
Q

What nerve supplies taste to posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

40
Q

What are the 5 basic taste categories?

A

Bitter (alkalis)
Sour (acid)
Salty
Sweet
Unami (amino acids)

41
Q

What is ageusia?

A

The loss of taste

Can also have hypogeusia, or dysgeusia.

42
Q

What are common causes of dyguesia?

A

URTIs
Neoplasia
Chemotherapy
Tooth decay

43
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found?

A

On the roof of the nasal cavity, directly below the cribriform plate.

44
Q

What conditions may serve as a conductive blockage of olfaction?

A

Nasal polyps
Rhinitis
Malignancy

45
Q

What may be responsible for a sensorineural loss of olfactory function?

A

Head trauma
Neurological conditions
Brain tumours
Medications
Idiopathic

46
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

To stabilse gaze during movement.

47
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A

Protection
Respiration
Phonation

48
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CNIX
CNX
CNXI

49
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX) loop under on the LHS of the body?

A

Arch of the aorta

50
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX) loop under on the RHS of the body?

A

Subclavian artery

51
Q

What is the point of connection between the internal laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve called?

A

Galen’s anastamosis

52
Q

Which nerve provides innervation to the area of the mucosa above the vocal cords?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX)

53
Q

Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

54
Q

What is involved in the first phase of swallowing?

A

Occurs in the mouth, involving:
Mastication
Bolus manipulation
Labial seal

55
Q

What needs to occur to allow the third phase of swallowing to take place?

A

Relaxation of the UOS

This is involuntary.

56
Q

Are the muscles involved in swallowing voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary, however swallowing is a synchronised activity.

Pattern for this is housed in the medulla.

57
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

58
Q

What is the benefit of hard palate mucosa being keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Prevents damage from food.

59
Q

Which muscle of the tongue is NOT innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus - innervated by CNX.

60
Q

What is hyolaryngeal elevation?

A

Elevation of the hyoid bone (and the attached larynx).

Occurs during the second phase of swallowing, and aims to reduce the risk of aspiration.

61
Q

What is cricopharyngeus?

A

The upper oesophageal sphincter

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the circopharyngeus?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

63
Q

Which nerve supplies innervation to the tensor veli palatini?

A

CNV3

64
Q

Which nerves are involved in the EFFERENT part of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX
CNX
CNXI

65
Q

Which nerve is involved in the AFFERENT part of the gag reflex?

A

CNIX

66
Q

Which muscle is solely responsible for voice box abduction?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

67
Q
A

ENT (6 decks)

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