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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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2
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet?

A

The opening of the airway.

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3
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the cranial cavity?

A

Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery

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4
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the face?

A

Internal carotid artery
Branches of external carotid artery

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5
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the neck?

A

External carotid artery
Branches of subclavian artery

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6
Q

Where do all veins of the head and neck drain to?

A

Internal jugular vein

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7
Q

Why does a danger triangle exist in the areas surrounding the nose?

A

As infection may spread to deeper areas within the skull and neck.

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8
Q

General somatic sensory function is provided to the face and neck by which nerves?

A

CNV (all branches)
CNIX
CNX

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9
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

A

CNI

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sight?

A

CNII

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste?

A

CNVII, CNIX, CNX

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12
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing?

A

CNVIII

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13
Q

Which bones meet at the pterion?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid

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14
Q

The area consisting of the nasal cavity, and the soft palate may be referred to as what?

A

Nasopharynx - primarily respiratory function.

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15
Q

The area consisting of below the soft palate, to the border of the superior epiglottis may be referred to as what?

A

Oropharynx - primarily digestive function.

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16
Q

The area consisting of that below the superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage may be referred to as what?

A

Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage

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18
Q

What are the 5 inputs to the Kiesselbach plexus?

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic)
Posterior ethmoidal artery (ophthalmic)
Sphenopalatine artery (maxillary)
Greater palatine artery (maxillary)
Septal branch of the superior labial artery (facial)

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19
Q

What form of joint is seen in the middle ear (between the auditory ossicles)?

A

Synovial

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20
Q

What 2 muscles are involved in control of the middle ear?

A

Stapedius
Tensor tympani

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21
Q

What is the role of the stapedius muscle?

A

Acts to dampen sound through reducing the vibrations of the stapes at the ovale window.

Innervated by CNVII.

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22
Q

What is the role of the tensor tympani?

A

Reduces vibration of the malleolus, reducing sound perceived from chewing.

Innervated by CNV3.

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23
Q

How does high altitude affect the tympanic membrane?

A

Causes it to bulge as pressure greater behind this, than infront of it.

Results in a reduced ability to oscillate.

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24
Q

What maintains air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere?

A

The palate muscles.

Act by opening up the eustachian tube, equalising the pressure.

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25
Why may pain from tonsils be referred to the middle ear?
As both are partially innervated by CNIX.
26
Why are children more susceptible to otitis media?
Due to shorter eustachian tube.
27
Which middle ear labyrinth is filled with perilymph?
Bony labyrinth
28
Which middle ear is filled with endoplymph?
Membranous labyrinth
29
Where are hair cells found in the inner ear?
Organ of Corti
30
What do semi-circular canals detect?
Changes in angular movement.
31
Which semi-circular canals project into the middle ear?
Lateral semi-circular canal
32
Movement of what within the middle ear causes dizziness?
Fluid
33
What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial nerve (CNVII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII) Labyrinthe artery (branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery)
34
Which nerve innervates the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
35
Which nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Facial nerve Via the chorda tympani
36
Damage to the chorda tympani results in what?
Dry mouth Loss of taste in anterior 2/3rds of mouth
37
Which nerve provides sensory function to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
38
Which nerve provides sensory function to posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CNV3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
39
What nerve supplies taste to posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?
CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
40
What are the 5 basic taste categories?
Bitter (alkalis) Sour (acid) Salty Sweet Unami (amino acids)
41
What is ageusia?
The loss of taste Can also have hypogeusia, or dysgeusia.
42
What are common causes of dyguesia?
URTIs Neoplasia Chemotherapy Tooth decay
43
Where is olfactory epithelium found?
On the roof of the nasal cavity, directly below the cribriform plate.
44
What conditions may serve as a conductive blockage of olfaction?
Nasal polyps Rhinitis Malignancy
45
What may be responsible for a sensorineural loss of olfactory function?
Head trauma Neurological conditions Brain tumours Medications Idiopathic
46
What is the purpose of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
To stabilse gaze during movement.
47
What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?
Protection Respiration Phonation
48
Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
CNIX CNX CNXI
49
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX) loop under on the LHS of the body?
Arch of the aorta
50
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX) loop under on the RHS of the body?
Subclavian artery
51
What is the point of connection between the internal laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve called?
Galen's anastamosis
52
Which nerve provides innervation to the area of the mucosa above the vocal cords?
Internal laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX)
53
Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
Internal laryngeal nerve
54
What is involved in the first phase of swallowing?
Occurs in the mouth, involving: Mastication Bolus manipulation Labial seal
55
What needs to occur to allow the third phase of swallowing to take place?
Relaxation of the UOS This is involuntary.
56
Are the muscles involved in swallowing voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary, however swallowing is a synchronised activity. Pattern for this is housed in the medulla.
57
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve
58
What is the benefit of hard palate mucosa being keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?
Prevents damage from food.
59
Which muscle of the tongue is NOT innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Palatoglossus - innervated by CNX.
60
What is hyolaryngeal elevation?
Elevation of the hyoid bone (and the attached larynx). Occurs during the second phase of swallowing, and aims to reduce the risk of aspiration.
61
What is cricopharyngeus?
The upper oesophageal sphincter
62
Which nerve innervates the circopharyngeus?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
63
Which nerve supplies innervation to the tensor veli palatini?
CNV3
64
Which nerves are involved in the EFFERENT part of the gag reflex?
CNIX CNX CNXI
65
Which nerve is involved in the AFFERENT part of the gag reflex?
CNIX
66
Which muscle is solely responsible for voice box abduction?
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
67

ENT (6 decks)

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