Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Cellulitis is caused by?
A
Staph and Strep bacteria enters through openings in skin,
2
Q
Cellulitis is an infection where? And where does it often affect?
A
Infection in the Connective Tissue
Often affects the lower legs
3
Q
Symptoms of Cellulitis
A
Red, Swollen, Warm to the Touch, Tender
4
Q
How do you get diagnosed with Cellulitis
A
Physical Exam, and a Wound Culture
5
Q
Treatment for Cellulitis
A
ANTIBIOTICS , and may have to cut away dead tissue
6
Q
Dermatitis is caused by?
A
Caused by an allergic reaction to a specific allergen
7
Q
Symptoms of Dermatitis
A
Localized red, itchy rash, and inflammation of the skin
8
Q
How do you get diagnosed with Dermatitis
A
Physical exam
9
Q
Treatment for Dermatitis
A
Steroid creams, Antihistamines, and moisturizers
10
Q
1 Rule for dermatitis
A
DO NOT ITCH, could lead to infection
11
Q
Why type of Skin disease is eczema?
A
Inflammatory Skin disease
12
Q
Eczema is caused by?
A
Hereditary
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS “Flare Ups”
13
Q
Dx for Eczems
A
Physical Exam
14
Q
Tx for Eczema
A
Steroid Cream, Non-scented Moisturizers, Antihistamines
15
Q
1 Rule for eczema
A
NO ITCH —-> INFECTION
16
Q
Basal Cell Skin Cancer caused by?
A
UV-B Exposure from sun or tanning beds
17
Q
Basal Cell Skin Cancer Characterisics
A
Slow growing, Usually is not malignant, not typically life threatening
18
Q
Basal Cell Skin Cancer Symptoms
A
Growing moles that are a waxy bump, or skin lesion that doesn’t heal —> Grows over time
19
Q
Dx for Basal Cell Skin Cancer
A
Physical Examination, BIOPSY
20
Q
Tx for Basal Cell Skin Cancer
A
EARLY DIAGNOSES & TREATMENT IS VITAL
Liquid nitrogen freeze, surgical excision
21
Q
Melanoma Skin Cancer caused by?
A
UV-B Ray exposure , sun or tanning beds
22
Q
Melanoma Characteristics
A
Most Severe, deadly type of skin cancer
Malignant, grows quickly and spreads to other organs
23
Q
Melanoma quick check is called? And description for each?
A
ABC’S
A- Asymmetrical, two sides don’t match
B- Border, raised, uneven
C- Color, Weird colored, more than 1 color
S- Size, bigger than 1/4 “
24
Q
Dx for Melanoma
A
BIOPSY, physical exam
EARLY DIAGNOSES IS VITAL
25
Tx for Melanoma
Surgery
RADIATION
26
A sprain is caused by
LIGAMENT Damage
From a joint being pushed outside its normal ROM
27
Symptoms of a Sprain
Swelling, Bruising, Pain
28
Tx Sprain
R- Rest
I- Ice
C- Compress
E- Elevate
29
Dx Sprain
Physical Exam, Imagine (rules out fracture)
30
Strain is caused by? Referred to as?
Tendon / Muscle damage,
Referred to as a “pulled muscle”
31
Symptoms of a Strain?
Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Lower ROM, Weakness
32
Tx Strain
R
I
C
E
33
Anemia caused by? Affects what over what? Common cause? Other Causes?
Deficient erythrocytes within blood
Affects women > Men
Blood Loss
Hemolysis, dysfunction in creation of hgb
34
Anemia Symptoms
Fatigue, Paleness, dizziness, SOB, CP, Irregular HR, Colder extremities
35
Dx Anemia
CBC
36
Tx Anemia
TREAT ROOT CAUSE
Blood Loss —> Blood Transfusion
Iron-Deficiency —> Iron Supplements
37
What is Atherosclerosis, and what is it caused by?
Abnormal hardening of the arteries
From Plaque build up / Hyperlipidemia
HTN, Smoking, DM
38
Atherosclerosis symptoms
CP, TIA, CAD, PAD, Changes on PT EKG
39
Dx Atherosclerosis
Lipid Panels, Doppler u/s (blood flow)
EKG / Stress Test
Angiogram
40
Tx Atherosclerosis
Statins (AntiLipids)
Anti- Hypertensives,
Balloon Angioplasty & Stent
CABG
Heart healthy diet
41
What is CHF, and what is it caused by?
CHF is lower ability for heart to pump effectively
Caused by CAD, HTN, Valvular disease
42
Symptoms of CHF
FATIGUE
EDEMA (Pulmonary)
SOB
Rapid, overnight weight gain
43
Dx CHF
ECHOCARDIOGRAM,
BNP LEVELS (Blood Test)
X-Ray, EKG, Asses for Emma / weight gain
44
Tx CHF
Diuretics —> Lasix (furosemide)
Other cardiac meds that lower workload
(Beta Blockers, HTN Meds)
O2
45
What is Hemophilia, and what is it caused by?
What does it cause?
Hemophilia is the absence of clotting factors, a genetic defect
Increases risk for bleeding, so put pt on bleeding precautions
46
Sx Hemophilia
Excessive Bleeding
Mystery Bruises -> bruising easily
47
Dx Hemophilia
PT, PTT, CBC
48
Tx Hemophilia
IV Infusion of PLASMA or other clotting factors
49
What is HTN (Hypertension) , and what are risk factors
Increased BP , extremely common
Obesity, Smoking, Family Hx, Increase Age, Poor Diet, WHITE-COAT SYNDROME
50
Sx HTN
Headaches, CP, Vision Changes
51
Dx HTN
Increase BP, Home BP Log (incase of white coat)
52
Tx HTN
Exercise, Healthy Diet, Cessation of smoking, ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
Statins, Diuretics
53
What is an MI
Damage to the myocardium, d/t inadequate blood flow
54
Difference between Ischemia and infarction
Ischemia = Injury to myocardium and damage CAN BE REVERSED
Infarction = Death to myocardium and damage CANT BE REVERSED
55
Sx MI
PROFUSE SWEATING, SOB, CP
Jaw Pain, Left Arm Pain, Dizziness, Nausea
56
Dx MI
EKG / Stress Test
Troponin levels (blood test)
57
Tx MI
NITROGLYCERIN, BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY, THROMBOLYTIC MEDICATION (tPA), and DAILY BABY ASA
Aspirin of 81mg, prevents future thrombus
58
What is Acute Renal Failure (ARF),
SUDDEN onset of kidney dysfunction,
kidneys can’t filter blood effectively and it causes dangerous levels of toxic waste build-up
59
Sx ARF
Low Urine Output, Oliguria, Fluid Retention, Nausea
60
Dx ARF
Increase BUN and Cr Levels
61
Tx ARF
Early- treat underlying cause
Long- Hemodialysis
62
What is Chronic Renal Failure also known as?
CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease
63
What is Chronic Renal Failure
SLOWER ONSET of kidney dysfunction / failure
It is PROGRESSIVE, kidney function declines over time
64
Cure for Chronic Renal Failure?
NO CURE
65
How many stages of Chronic Renal Failure
1-5
66
Sx for Chronic Renal Failure
Early Stage- No Symptoms
Later Stages- HTN, Oliguria, very ill
67
Dx for Chronic Renal Failure
Increase BUN & CR levels (blood tests)
68
Tx for Chronic Renal Failure?
GOAL = SLOW PROGRESSION by controlling BP
End Stages= DIALYSIS OR TRANSPLANT
69
Renal Calculi is also known as what
Kidney Stones
70
What is Renal Calculi
Hard Crystal deposits form in the urine,
71
Sx Renal Calculi
SEVERE FLANK PAIN
Dark Urine
Oliguria
Nausea
72
Dx Renal Calculi
Urinalysis
Ultrasound / CT
Blood Test —> Uris Acid/ inc. Ca+
73
Tx Renal Calculi
Inc. fluid intake, encourages urination
Pain Relievers
Lithotripsy shock-wave surgery (break up)
74
What is Urinary incontinence
SEVERITY RANGES
Leakage of Urine —> loss of bladder control
75
What is the highest severity of Urinary Incontinence caused by
Neurological Damage, or cognitive dysfunction
76
Dx Urinary Incontinence
Urinalysis (rule out UTI)
H&P
Measure urine output
77
Tx Urinary incontinence
DEPENDS ON ROOT CAUSE
Pelvic Floor Therapy
UTI = Treat UTI
Surgery / Medications to help with neurological
SOMETIMES NO CURE
78
What is a UTI
Infection in the urinary tract, commonly caused from E.Coli
79
Sx UTI
URGE TO URINATE
Cloudy, Foul
Pelvic/Flank Pain
80
Dx UTI
Urinalysis
Culture and Sensitivity
81
Tx UTI
Antibiotics
82
Preventions of UTI
Females —> Wipe front to back
Avoid holding urine
Drink plenty of fluids
Pee right after intercourse
Chronic UTI managements- PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS
83
Cause of Appendicitis
Blockage in opening of Appendix
Rapidly multiplying Bacteria
Results in inflammation of appendix
84
Sx Appendicitis
Pain RLQ, Loss Appetite, abdominal swelling
85
Dx Appendicitis
Pt Hx, Blood & Urine Tests, Imaging
86
Tx Appendicitis
Surgical Removal —> Appendectomy
87
Celiac Disease Caused by
Immune response triggered by gluten, damaging the small intestine
88
Sx Celiac Disease
Anemia, Bloating, weight loss, fatigue
89
Dx Celiac Disease
Physical Exam, Medical Hx, Blood Test
90
Tx Celiac Disease
Avoid Gluten
91
What is Colorectal Cancer, caused by?
Cancer of the colon
High Fat Diet, Family Hx
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
92
Sx Colorectal Cancer
Early Stage- No Symptoms
Late Stage- Irregular bowel movements, blood in feces, fatigue
93
Dx Colorectal Cancer
Colonoscopy, barium enema
94
Tx Colorectal Cancer
Early Stage- Surgery Removal
Late- ChemotherapyD
95
What is Diverticulosis, and caused from?
Diverticulosis are pouch like herniations pushing on weak points inside the colon.
96
Sx Diverticulosis
Asymptomatic, unless inflamed
Inflamed = pain in LLQ, Fever, Chills, Nausea
97
Dx Diverticulosis
Typically through colonoscopy
98
Tx Diverticulosis
When inflamed, antibiotics can reduce flare up
99
GERD is caused by~
Lower Esophageal sphincter muscle dysfunction, allowing acid to come up from the stomach into throat
100
Sx GERD
Heartburn, difficulty swallowing
101
Dx GERD
Upper Endoscopy, Tests to measure acid in esophagus
102
Tx GERD
Lifestyle / Dietary changes, antacids, or surgery if severe
103
ARD is caused by?
Fluid builds up in alveoli which blocks oxygen exchange, so poor oxygen in blood stream
104
Sx ARDS
SOB, Low BP, Tachypnea
105
Dx ARDS
Chest X-Ray, Arterial blood gas analysis
106
Tx ARDS
Oxygen Therapy, mechanical ventilation, & antibiotics
107
Asthma caused by?
Airway inflammation, reducing air intake & out-take
108
Sx Asthma
WHEEZING, SOB, Chest tightness
109
Dx Asthma
Medical Hx, Pulmonary function test
110
Tx Asthma
Medications orally & inhaled
111
How are the 2 different kinds of bronchitis caused from?
Acute- Viral Illness, colds & flu
Chronic- Smoking
112
Sx Bronchitis
SOB, Fever, chills, mucous production
113
Dx Bronchitis
Auscultation, pulmonary function test, chest X-Ray
114
Tx Bronchitis (2 ways)
Acute- Resolves w/o intervention
Chronic- Respiratory Therapy
115
COPD stands for
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
116
What is COPD, and how is it caused?
Airflow intake and out-take is blocked, caused by smoking
117
Sx COPD
Chest Tightness, Wheezing, SOB W/ Activity
118
Dx COPD
Pt Hx, Pulmonary function test, CT Scan, X-Ray
119
Tx COPD
Smoking Cessation, Medication, O2 Therapy
120
Rhinitis is?
Irritation & inflammation of mucous membranes in the nose
Allergic Rhinitis is caused from allergens
121
Sx Rhinitis
Sneezing, coughing, Runny nose, pressure in ears
122
Dx Rhinitis
Physical Exam, allergists can help determine allergen
123
Tx Rhinitis
Anti-Histamines if allergic
Or Corticosteroids
124
Alzheimer’s is?
Progressive Dementia, destruction of memory brain cells
125
Sx Alzheimers
Memory Loss, Low ADL, Impaired Judgement
126
Dx Alzheimers
Med Hx, Physical Exam, Lab Tests
127
Tx Alzheimer’s
No treatment, but focus care by symptom management
128
Cerebral Concussion caused by?
Traumatic brain injury
129
Sx Cerebral concussion
Lowered Vision, Dizziness, Sensitive Light/Noise, Lower concentration
130
Dx Cerebral Concussion
Physical & Neurological exam
131
Tx Cerebral Concussion
Observation & Rest
7-10 days
132
Sciatica is caused by?
Compression of a sciatic never, from a herniated disc, bone spur, or tumor
133
Sx Sciatica
Lumbar Pain, buttocks, back of leg,
134
Dx Sciatica
Imaging, medical testing of muscle strength & reflexes
135
Tx Sciatica
Muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, PT
136
Cerebrovascular Stroke (CVAI Stroke) , is caused by?
A decrease of blood supply to brain
Or rupture of a blood vessel in brain
137
Sx CVAI Stroke
FAST ONSET
Face droop, can’t lift a arm as high, lower speech, WATCH TIME
138
Dx CVAI Stroke
Neurological examination, CT/MRI, Doppler ultrasound
139
Tx CVAI Stroke
Restoring blood to brain, reducing pressure on brain,
Longer term treatment = Rehabilitation
KNOW (TPA) destroys blockages in vessels
140
Shingles is caused by?
Caused by Varicella virus, virus can be dominant & reappear
141
Sx Shingles
Blisters & Pain follow path of affected nerves
142
Dx Shingles
Hx, location of pain, pattern of rash
143
Tx Shingles
Antiviral medications, pain relievers
144
Cushing Syndrome caused by?
Overuse of corticosteroids
145
Sx Cushing Syndrome
Moon Face (Puffy Face), excessive fat deposits
146
Dx Cushing Syndrome
Increased BP, Muscle mass
147
Tx Cushing Syndrome
Medications to lower levels of glucocorticoids
148
T1 Diabetes (SAY EVERYTHING)
Etiology:
Genetically bad pancreas,
Low Insulin Production,
Sx:
Excessive Thirst, Urination, hunger
Weight Loss
Dx:
Blood tests, check for glucose metabolism
Tx:
Insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose levels
149
T2 Diabetes (SAY EVERYTHING)
Etiology:
Insulin Resistance, from lifestyle & obesity
Sx:
Excessive thirst, urination, hunger,
Weight loss
Dx:
Blood Tests, testing for glucose metabolism
Tx:
Insulin, medications (METFORMIN), healthy lifestyle
150
Hyperthyroidism caused by?
Overproduction of thyroid hormone
151
Sx Hyperthyroidism
Weight Loss, Increase HR, Appetite, and production of thyroid hormones
152
Dx Hyperthyroidism
Physical Exam, Blood Tests, Thyroid Scans, Radioactive iodine reputake
153
Tx Hyperthyroidism
Anti-Thyroid, oral radioactive iodine
154
WHAT HORMONES WE TESTING FOR IN HYPER/HYPO THYROIDISM
TSH, T3, T4, Thyroxine
155
WHAT STATE OF METABOLISM FOR HYPER/HYPO THYROIDISM
Hyper: Increased Metabolism
Hypo: Decreased Metabolism
156
Hypothyroidism Caused by
Decreased sufficiency of producing thyroid hormone
157
Sx Hypothyroidism
Tired, Dry Skin, Constipation &weight gain
158
Dx Hypothyroidism
Blood tests measuring TSH & Thyroxine
159
Tx Hypothyroidism
Synthetic thyroid hormone
(Synthroid / Levothyroxine)
160
Graves Disease caused by?
Malfunction in body immune that disrupts normal thyroid regulation
161
Sx Graves Disease
Enlarged thyroid, increased HR, Decreased muscle, and BULGING EYES
162
Dx Graves Disease
By symptoms, thyroid hormone tests
163
Tx Graves Disease
Radioactive iodine therapy, anti-thyroid, beta-blockers, and surgery
164
Candidiasis is also known as what?
Yeast Infection
165
Is Gaves Hyper/Hypo thyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
166
What is Candidiasis caused by?
Overgrowth of fungal
“Candida Albicans”
167
Sx Candidiasis
Vaginal Itching, White Discharge, and burning during urination
168
Dx Candidiasis
Test vaginal discharge
169
Tx Candidiasis
OTC or Prescription meds
170
Ectopic Pregnancy is caused from?
Zygote implanted in places other than uterine wall,
Common in fallopian tubes
171
Sx Ectopic Pregnancy
Abdominal/Pelvic pain w/ bleeding
Emergent conditions = severe pain w/ bleeding
172
Dx Ectopic Pregnancy
Physical Exam, blood tests, and ultrasound
173
Tx Ectopic Pregnancy
Termination of Pregnancy
174
What is endometriosis caused from?
Pieces of endometrial tissue grows outside of uterine lining
175
Sx Endometriosis
Pain W/. Intercourse, bowel movements, urination,
Infertility, & menustration
176
Dx Endometriosis
Pelvic examination, ultrasound, and laparoscopy
177
Tx Endometriosis
Pain Meds, Hormone Therapy, or laparoscopic surgery
178
What are genital herpes caused from?
Caused by herpes simplex virus spread through sexual contact
179
Sx Genital Herpes
Pain, Itching, and sores in genital area,
Flu-Like symptoms
180
Dx Genital Herpes
Visual exam of sores, testing sample from the sores
181
Tx Genital Herpes
Incurable, but antivirals can prevent / shorten outbreaks
182
Inguinal Hernia is caused from?
Portion of intestines protrudes through weak spot of abdominal wall
183
Sx Inguinal Hernia
BULGING IN THE GROIN AREA, pressure in ground, pain w/ lifting
184
Dx Inguinal Hernia
Physical Examination
185
Tx Inguinal Hernia
No Symptoms = no indicated treatment
Present Symptoms = surgery to repair
186
Cryptorchidism is caused from?
Structural Abnormalities
187
Sx Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicles, fail to drop into scrotum
188
Dx Cryptorchidism
Felt when conducting a physical exam
189
Tx Cryptorchidism
Surgery after six months of age
190
Testicular Torsion is caused from?
Some unknown,
some born with no tissue holding testes into scrotum
191
Sx Testicular Torsion
When tissues surrounding testicle are not attached, testes twist around spermatic cord cutting off blood
192
Dx Testicular Torsion
Physical Exam
193
Tx Testicular Torsion
Spermatic cord needs to be untwisted with surgery / urologist
194
What is BPH?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
195
What is BPH caused from?
Unknown, linked to hormonal changes
196
Sx BPH
ENLARGED PROSTATE,
Problems in urinary function and kidneys
197
Dx BPH
Rectal examination, urine test, prostate specific antigen test
198
Tx BPH
Transurethral resection of the prostate (Taking out pieces of prostate)
199
Yes, there is a lot, but you got it :)
Just keep pushing, and FIND similarities
200
Chunk study
You GOT this
