Pathology

Question 1

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

1. G1 phase
   
   • Cell increases in size
   • Cellular contents duplicated
   • Influenced by p53 gene
   2. S phase
   • DNA replication
   • Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is replicated by the cell
   3. G2 phase
   • Cell grows more
   • Organelles and proteins develop in preparation for cell division
   • Cell contains twice as much DNA as non-dividing cells
   • RNA synthesis occurs in G2 phase
   • Prepares cell for mitosis, organising microtubules within cell
   4. M phase
   • Mitosis followed by cytokinesis (cell separation)
   • Formation of two identical daughter cells
   5. G0 phase
   While some cells are constantly dividing, some cell types are at rest. These cells may exit G1and enter a resting state called G0. In G0, a cell is performing its function without actively preparing to divide. G0is a permanent state for some cells, while others may re-start division if they get the right signals.

Question 2

Antithyroid microsomal antibodies
Antithyroglobulin antibodies

Answer 2

Hashimoto’s Thyroidits

Question 3

Antithyroid microsomal antibodies
Antithyroglobulin antibodies

Answer 3

Hashimoto’s Thyroidits