Pathology

Question 1

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 1

An increase in the size of a tissue caused by an increase in the SIZE of constituent cells

Question 2

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 2

An increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in the NUMBER of constituent cells

Question 3

What is Atrophy?

Answer 3

A decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in the number of the constituent cells or decrease in their size

Question 4

What is Metaplasia?

Answer 4

A change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type

Question 5

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 5

An imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer

Question 6

What is apoptosis?

Answer 6

Programmed cell death

Question 7

What is necrosis?

Answer 7

Traumatic cell death

Question 8

Define congenital?

Answer 8

Present at birth

Question 9

What is thrombosis?

Answer 9

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular system during life

Question 10

What are the 3 components of Virchow’s triad?

Answer 10

1. Change in vessel wall
2. Change in blood flow
3. Change in blood constituents

Question 11

What is an embolus?

Answer 11

A mass of material in a vascular system able to become lodged in the vessel and block it

Question 12

What is ischemia?

Answer 12

A reduction in blood flow

Question 13

What is an infarction?

Answer 13

A reduction in blood flow leading to subsequent cell death

Question 14

What type of cells are most commonly seen in acute inflammation?

Answer 14

Neutrophil Polymporphs

Question 15

What type of cells are most commonly seen in chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Macrophages + lymphocytes

Question 16

What is a granuloma?

Answer 16

A particular type of chronic inflammation with collections
of macrophages/histiocytes surrounded by lymphocytes

Question 17

What is the sequence of acute inflammation?

Answer 17

• injury or infection
• neutrophils arrive and phagocytose and release enzymes
• macrophages arrive and phagocytose
• either resolution with clearance of inflammation or progression to chronic inflammation

Question 18

What is the sequence of chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

*either progression from acute inflammation or starts as
‘chronic’ inflammation such as infectious mononucleosis
(thus better term is macrophage/lymphocyte-mediated
inflammation)
* no or very few neutrophils
* macrophages and lymphocytes, then usually fibroblasts
* can resolve if no tissue damage (e.g. viral infection like
glandular fever) but often ends up with repair and formation of scar tissue

Question 19

What is the difference between resolution and repair?

Answer 19

In repair the initiating factor is still present so the tissue is unable to regenerate. Resolution is full regeneration due to lack of initiating factor.

Question 20

What is the difference between abraision, healing by 1st intention and healing by 2nd intention?

Answer 20

○ Abrasion - only scraped top off skin, can grow up or across leading to resolution
○ Healing by 1st intention - bring edges of skin together so sutured, stapled. Weak fibrin joint then strong collagen joint formed.
○ Healing by 2nd intention - cant bring edges together. Cells have to grow in. Capillaries + fibroblasts grow in then epithelial cells grow across

Question 21

Give 6 examples of cells that regenerate:

Answer 21

• hepatocytes
• pneumocytes
• all blood cells
• gut epithelium
• skin epithelium
• osteocytes

Question 22

Give 4 risk factors for atherosclerosis:

Answer 22

• hypertension
• hyperlipidaemia
• cigarette smoking
• poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus