Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phase 2a > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 Risk factors for atheroma formation:

A

Any 4 of:

Age
Tobacco smoking
High Serum Cholesterol
Obesity
Diabetes
Hypertension
Family History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of an atherosclerotic plaque?

A

Lipid
Necrotic core
Fibrous cap
Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

injury to ENDOTHELIAL cells leading to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key components of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis
Hypertrophy of right ventricle
Overriding aorta - the aorta is positioned above VSD

think (Very Poor Heart Output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is one of the common appearances of a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot and why?

A

Cyanosis - Stenosis of pulmonary artery leads to RV pressure > LV pressure so Deoxygenated blood is passed from the right side of the heart to the left along the VSD leading to deoxygenated blood being pumped round the body and hence cyanosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment for Tetralogy of fallot?

A

Complete surgical repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a VSD?

A

VSD = Ventral Septal Defect = abnormal connection between the two ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are patients with a VSD cyanosed and why?

A

Not initially - LV pressure > RV pressure so there is increased blood flow to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of a large VSD?

A

Breathlessness
Poor feeding
Failure to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of a large VSD?

A

Breathlessness
Poor feeding
Failure to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What syndrome can a VSD lead to?

A

Eisenmengers syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a small VSD increase the risk of?

A

Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for a small VSD?

A

No treatment - closes naturally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment for a large VSD?

A

Surgery - PA band, complete repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs of a large VSD?

A

Small and breathless at birth
Increased Resp Rate
Tachycardia
Cardiomegaly on X-ray
Murmur that varies in intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs of a small VSD?

A

Loud systolic murmur
Thrill
Well grown with normal HR and Resp Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does a VSD lead to Eisenmengers syndrome?

A

Continuous high pressure in pulmonary circulation damages pulmonary vessels over time increasing resistance to blood flow through the lungs until eventually the RV Pressure increases and gradient reverses leading deoxygentated blood to get pumped around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an ASD?

A

Atrial Septal Defect = Abnormal connection between two Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are patients with an ASD cyanosed and why?

A

No - Slightly higher pressure in LA than RA so increased blood flow to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of a large ASD?

A

Right heart dilation
SOBOE (Shortness of Breath on Exertion)
Increased chest infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of a small ASD?

A

Generally asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of an ASD?

A

Pulmonary flow murmur
Fixed split second heart sound
Big pulmonary arteries
Big heart on CXR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment for an ASD?

A

Large = Surgical, pericutaneous - key hole technique
Small = no treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an AVSD?

A

Atrio-Ventricular Septal Defect = essentially complete/partial hole in middle of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the AV valves like in an AVSD?
Instead of two separate valves there is one big malformed one
26
What is a patent ductus arteriosus?
27
What are the common signs + symptoms of a complete and of a partial AVSD?
Complete - Breathless as neonate, Poor weight gain, poor feeding, Torrential pulmonary blood flow Partial - Presents like small asd/vsd
28
Whats the treatment for a AVSD?
Complete - needs repair/ AV band in infancy Partial - may be left alone if no right heart dilation
29
What is a Patent ductus arteriosus?
Ductus arteriosus remains after birth - connection between Aorta and Pulmonary arteries
30
What are the signs of a PDA?
Continuous murmur, Large heart
31
What is a key differential for PDA?
Eisenmengers syndrome
32
What are the symptoms of a large/ small PDA?
Large - Breathless, Poor feeding, Failure to thrive Small - usually asymptomatic, increased endocarditis risk
33
What's the treatment for a PDA?
Closure - surgical or pericutaneous
34
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Narrowing of aorta at site of insertion of ductus arteriosus
35
What are the clinical signs of coarctation of the aorta?
Bruits over scapulae and back from collateral vessels Right arm HTN (think where narrowing is) Murmur
36
What are the presentations of severe and mild coarctation of the aorta?
Severe - Collapse with heart failure Mild - HTN + incidental murmur
37
What is the treatment for coarctation of the aorta?
Surgical or percutaneous repair
38
What is first degree heart block?
Blockage at AV node leading to delay in time taken to get through node
39
How would first degree heart block show on an ECG?
Elongated PR interval
40
What is second degree heart block?
A delay in conduction between the bundles of HIS and Purkinje fibres
41
How would Mobitz type 1 heart block present on an ECG?
The PR intervals gradually elongate until a P wave is completely blocked
42
How would Mobitz type 2 heart block present on an ECG
Consistent PR intervals but non conductive P-Waves
43
What is aortic stenosis?
Obstruction of blood flow across aortic valve due to aortic valve fibrosis and obstruction
44
Give 3 symptoms of aortic stenosis:
Angina Syncope on exertion Dysopnea on exertion
45
Why does aortic stenosis lead to a decline in LV function?
Pressure gradient develops between LA and LV LV compensates by undergoing hypertrophy Eventually cannot hypertrophy anymore and LV function declines as a result
46
Give 2 examples of causes of aortic stenosis:
Congenital bicuspid valve Congenital aortic stenosis Degenerative calcification Rheumatic heart disease Any rare cause known
46
Give 2 examples of causes of aortic stenosis:
Congenital bicuspid valve Congenital aortic stenosis Degenerative calcification Rheumatic heart disease Any rare cause known
47
Give 3 signs of aortic stenosis:
Slow rising carotid pulse + decreased pulse amplitude Soft/absent second heart sound S4 gallop due to LVH EJECTION SYSTOLIC MURMUR - CRESCENDO-DECRESCENDO CHARACTER
48
What is the gold standard Ix for Aortic Stenosis and what are you looking for?
Echocardiogram - LVH, Dilation and EF, doppler derived gradient + valve areaI
49
What is the treatment for a symptomatic patient with Aortic Stenosis?
Aortic valve replacement surgery Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)
50
Give a differential for Aortic stenosis:
Aortic sclerosis IHD Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
51
Give 3 RF for Aortic Stenosis:
* Age * Congenital bicuspid valve * Rheumatic fever * CKD
52
What happens in the heart of a patient with mitral regurgitation?
Progressive left ventricular volume overload leads to dilation and progressive heart failure Progressive left atrial dilation and right ventricular dysfunction due to pulmonary hypertension
53
Give 2 investigations for mitral regurgitation and what you would expect to see:
* ECG - may show: ○ LA enlargement ○ AF ○ LV hypertrophy * CXR - showing: ○ LA enlargement ○ Central pulmonary artery enlargement * Echo - showing: ○ LV size + function ○ An estimation of the LA ○ Valve structure + function
54
What are the common symptoms of Mitral regurgitation?
* Dyspnoea on exertion * Heart failure
55
Give a common sign of Mitral regurgitation:
Pansystolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla on ascultation
56
Give 3 causes of chronic mitral regurgitation:
* Myxomatous Degeneration * Ischemic MR * Rheumatic Heart disease * Infective endocarditis
57
What is Mitral Regurgitation?
Backflow of blood from LV to LA during systole
58
Give a differential for Mitral regurgitation:
* ACS * IE * Mitral Stenosis * Aortic stenosis * Aortic or Pulmonic Valve disease And Atrial Myxoma
59
Give examples of medications used to treat complications of Mitral regurgitation and the complication they would be used for:
* B blockers, ccb + Digoxin - to control AF * Anticoags to control AF + flutter * Nitrates + diuretics if acute MR Heart failure treatment
60
What is Aortic Regurgitation?
Leakage of blood into the LV during diastole due to ineffective coaptation of the aortic cusps
61
What causes Aortic Regurgitation
Rheumatic Heart disease Bicuspid aortic valve Infective endocarditis
62
What causes Aortic Regurgitation
Rheumatic Heart disease Bicuspid aortic valve Infective endocarditis
63
What pathophysiological compensatory mechanisms occur in Aortic Regurgitation
LV Dilation - Progressively leads to heart failure LVH
64
What are the signs of aortic regurgitation?
* Wide pulse pressure * Hyperdynamic and displaced apical impulse * Diastolic blowing murmur at left sternal border * Austin flint murmur (apex) * Systolic ejection murmur - due to increased cross valvular flow
65
What are the symptoms of Aortic Regurgitation?
Asymptomatic until 40/50 Progressive symptoms are: Dyspnoea Palpitations
66
What are the investigations you would carry out in a patient with suspected Aortic Regurgitation and what would you see?
Chest X-ray - Enlarged cardiac silhouette and aortic root enlargement Echocardiogram - Evaluation of AV + aortic root with measurements of LV dimensions + function
67
How would you manage Aortic Regurgitation with medication?
Consider IE prophylaxis Give vasodilators (+ ACEI'S if in CCF or HTN to improve stroke volume and reduce regurgitation)
68
How would you manage aortic regurgitation if the patient has any symptoms?
Serial Echocardiograms Surgery - SAVR or TAVI if not suitable for SAVR
69
When would you surgically treat an asymptomatic patient with Aortic Regurgitation?
If their ejection fraction <50% or their LV is dilated >50mm at the end of systole
70
Give 3 differentials for Aortic Regurgitation:
* Mitral regurgitation * Mitral stenosis * Aortic stenosis * Pulmonary regurgitation
71
What is Mitral Stenosis?
Obstruction of LV inflow that prevents proper filling during diastole
72
Give 3 symptoms of Mitral Stenosis:
* Right heart symptoms * Haemoptysis Progressive dyspnoea
73
Explain the symptoms of Mitral Stenosis Pathophysiologically:
* Progressive dyspnoea due to: ○ LA dilation causing pulmonary congestion * Increased transmitral pressures lead to left atrial enlargement and AF * Right heart symptoms - due to pulmonary venous HTN Haemoptysis - due to rupture of bronchial vessels due to elevated pulmonary pressure
74
Give 3 physical signs of Mitral stenosis:
* Prominent 'a' wave in jugular venous pulsations * Signs of Right sided heart failure Mitral Facies - pinkish-purple patches on cheeks due to diminished cardiac output in severe MS DIASTOLIC MURMUR
75
What investigations would you carry out for Mitral Stenosis?
* ECHO - Gold standard * Cxr - LA enlargement + pulmonary congestion ECG - AF + LA enlargement
76
Outline management for a patient with Mitral Stenosis:
* Serial echocardiography - mild 3-5 years, moderate 1-2 years, severe - yearly * Medications - B blockers, CCBS + digoxin, Diuretics * Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy if patient would benefit - i.e. asymptomatic with moderate/ sever MS and a pliable valve * IE prophylaxis Mitral valve replacement if symptomatic with NYHA class 3 or 4 symptoms

Phase 2a (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions