Endocrine Flashcards
What is Conn’s syndrome?
Primary Hyperaldosteronism due to an aldosterone producing adenoma.
Which system does Conn’s syndrome bypass and what effect does this have on the body?
Bypasses RAAS system leading to high sodium and water retention, Increased renal potassium. excretion and low renin release
Give 3 Signs/ Symptoms of Conn’s syndrome:
ANY 3 OF : Hypertension, Hypokalaemia, Nocturia, Polyuria, Mood disturbance, Difficulty concentrating, Lethargy
What investigations would you order for Conn’s syndrome and what would you expect the results to be?
Aldosterone to renin ratio (increased), Plasma potassium (decreased),
What drug + drug class is the first line treatment for Conn’s syndrome?
Spironolactone - Aldosterone antagonist
What is the gold standard treatment for Conn’s syndrome?
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
What is Cranial Diabetes insipidus (aka AVP defficiency)?
A disease characterised by a defficiency in vasopressin
What is Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus (aka AVP resistance)?
A disease characterised by a resistance to the action of vasopressin
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycaemia due to absolute insulin defficiency
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Progressive disorder defined by deficits in insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance leading to abnormal glucose metabolism
Give 3 signs/ symptoms of T1DM:
Weight loss, polyuria, polydypsia, hyperglycaemia, blurred vision, nausea/vomiting (DKA), abdo pain
Give 3 signs/ symptoms of T2DM:
Polyuria, polydipsia, opportunistic infections, fatigue, blurred vision
Which type of DM more commonly occurs at a young age?
T1 DM
Give 3 Risk factors for T2DM:
Older age, Obesity, gestational diabetes, Family history of T2DM, HTN, Stress, non-white ancestry
Outline the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid axis if increased thyroid function is needed
- Low T4 + T3 in blood so more needs to be released
- Hypothalamus releases more TRH which stimulates Pituitary to release more TSH
- This leads to the thyroid secreting more T3 and T4
- If levels too high negative feedback occurs so less TRH released
Whats the difference between primary and secondary hypothyroidism?
Primary indicates thyroid dysfunction - low T3,T4 but elevated TSH
Secondary indicates pituitary dysfunction - low TSH
Give 3 causes of Primary hypothyroidism:
Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimotos), Thyroidectomy, Radioactive iodine therapy, Radiotherapy for head/neck cancer, drugs - lithium, amiodarone
Give 3 causes of Secondary Hypothyroidism:
Pituitary adenoma, Cyst, Meningioma, Other valid brain tumour, Infections that affect pituitary, Head trauma, surgery
Give 3 causes of Secondary Hypothyroidism:
Pituitary adenoma, Cyst, Meningioma, Other valid brain tumour, Infections that affect pituitary, Head trauma, surgery
Give 3 causes of Hyperthyroidism:
Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, toxic adenoma, drugs (iodine), Pituitary adenoma secreting TSH, Congenital hyperthyroidism
Give 3 signs/symptoms of Hypothyroidism
- Fatigue
- Weight gain
- Cold intolerance
- Constipation
- Menstrual disturbance
- Muscle cramps
- Slow cerebration
- Bradycardia
- Hypertension
- Delayed reflexes
- Periorbital oedema
- Carotenaemia
- Oedema
Give 3 signs/symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
- Weight loss
- Tachycardia
- Hyperphagia
- Anxiety
- Tremor
- Heat intolerance
- Diarrhoea
- Lid lag + stare
- Menstrual disturbance
Give 3 signs/symptoms specific to graves disease
- Diffuse goitre
- Thyroid eye disease
- Pretibial Myxoedema
- Acropachy
What investigation would you do for hypo/hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid function tests
