Pathology Flashcards
The reduction in the total number of X-ray photons remaining in the beam after passing through given thickness of material. Absorbed or scattered
Attenuation
Image receptor exposure will be altered by changes in the amount and/or type of tissue being irridated
Subject density
Is the degree of differential absorption resulting from the differing absorption characteristics of the tissues in the body
Subject contrast
Spatial resolution of the structures is dependent upon their position within the body and also on the body’s placement in relationship to the receptor
Subject detail
Unless the patient is positioned specifically to demonstrate a particular structure, it may not be accurately represented on the IR
Subject distortion
Medical science that is concerned with all aspects of disease, including the structural and functional changes caused by a disease process
Pathology
If a disease causes the effected body tissue to increase in thickness, effective atomic number, and or tissue density, there will be a greater attenuation of the X-ray beam
Additive condition
If a disease causes the affected body tissue to decrease in thickness, effective atomic number, and or tissue density, there will be less attenuation of the X-ray bean
Destructive conditions
An encapsulated infection increases tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in the lungs
Abscess
Swelling causes an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition, if it occurs in the lungs
Edema
An abnormal new growth in tissue results in an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in the lungs or bones, or when calcification results
Tumor
A collapse of the lung results in airlessness of all or part of the lung tissue. This causes lung tissue density to increase
Atelectasis
The chronic dilation of the brocho can result in peribromchial thickening and small areas of atelectasis. This causes an increase in lung tissue density
Bronchiectasis
An enlargement of the heart causes an increase in thickness of the part
Cardiomegaly
When the heart is in failure, the cardiac output is diminished. This results in backward failure, or increased venous congestion in the lungs. Lung tissue density is increased and the heart is enlarged as well
Congestive heart failure
Pus in the thoracic cavity causes an increase in tissue density
Empyema
When the pleural cavity fills with either blood or serous fluid, it displaces normal lung tissue. This results in an increased tissue density within the thoracic cavity
Plural effusions hemothorax hydrothorax
The inhalation of dust particles can cause fibrotic (scarring) changes. When healthy lung tissue becomes fibrotic, the density of the tissue increases
Pneumoconiosis
The removal of a lung will cause the affected side to demonstrate an increase in IR exposure because normal air filled lung tissue is removed
Pneumoectomy
Inflammation of the lung tissues causes fluid to fill the alveolar spaces. Fluid has much greater tissue density than the air normally present
Pneumonia
When the fluid fills the interstitial lung tissues and the alveoli, tissue density increases. This is a typical complication of congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema
An infection by a myobacteria causes the inflammatory response, which results in an increase in fluid in the lungs. If the mycobacteria were inhaled , it generally begins as a localized lesion, which can spread to a more advanced stage
Tuberculosis
A large dilation of the aorta will result in increased thickness of the affect part
Aortic aneurysm
Fluid accumulation within the peritoneal cavity causes an increase in tissue thickness. The free fluid has a unique ground glass appearance radiographically
Ascites
Stones are most commonly found throughout the abdomen in such organs as the gallbladder and the kidney. Calcium may be deposited which causes an increase in the effective atomic number of the tissue
Calories stones
Fibrotic changes in the liver cause the liver to enlarge and acities can result. The result is an increase in the thickness of the liver and the entire abdomen
Cirrhosis
An overgrowth of the hands face feet and jaw as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormones in the adult will result in an increase bone mass
Acromegaly
A chronic bone infection results in new bone growth at the infected site
Chronic osteomyelitis
A dilation of the fluid filled central ventricles causes an enlargement of the head resulting in an increased thickness
Hydrocephalus
The spread of cancer to bone can result in uncontrolled new bone growth
Osteoblstic metasis
A tumor arising in the bone and cartilage will result in an increased thickness of the bone
Osteochondroma
An increase occurs in bone cell activity, which leads to new bone growth. The result is increased bone thickness, with the pelvis spine and skull most often affected
Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
An increase in hardening as a result of a chronic inflammation in bone. This increases the density of bone tissue
Sclerosis
A psychological eating disorder that results in an extreme weight loss. Overall body thickness is reduced
Anorexia nervosa
A wasting away of body tissue with diminished cell proliferation, resulting in reduced thickness of a specific part or the entire body
Atrophy
A generalized wasting away of body tissue, resulting in reduced thickness of the body
Emaciation
The overdistention of the lung tissues by air will result in decrease in the lung tissue
Emphysema
Free air in the pleural cavity displaces normal lung tissue and results in decreases density within the thoracic cavity
Pneumothorax
A psychological disorder resulting in abnormal swallowing of air. The stomach becomes dilated from the air and overall tissue density decreases
Aerophagia
An obstruction on the bowel results in the abnormal accumulation of air and fluid. If a large amount of air is trapped in the bowel, the overall density of the tissues is decreased
Bowel obstruction
With a bone infection there is initially a loss of bone tissue (containing calcium) resulting in a decrease in composition and thickness and composition of the part
Active osteomyelitis
Death of bone tissue results in a decrease in composition and thickness of the part
Aseptic necrosis
Malignancies in bone can cause an osteolytic process resulting in decreased thickness and composition of the part
Carcinoma
Inflammation of the joints results in a destruction of adjoining bone tissue which decreases the composition of the part
Degenerative arthritis
This malignant tumor of the metaphysis of bone causes the osteolytic lesions with moth-eaten appearance. The result is reduced bone composition
Fibrosarcoma
During the chronic stages of the metabolic disease areas of bone destruction result in punched out lesions that reduce the bone composition
Gout
Oversecretion of the parathyroid hormone causes calcium to leave bone and enter the the bloodstream. The bone becomes demineralized and composition is decreased
Hyperparathyroidism
This malignant tumor arises from plasma cell of the bone marrow and causes punched out osteolytic areas in the bone. Often many sites are affected and reduced bone tissue composition results
Multiple myeloma
When some malignancies spread to the bone they produce destruction of the bone resulting in reduced composition
Osteolytic metastases
A defect in the bone mineralization results in decreased composition of the affected bone
Osteomalacia
A defect in bone production due to the failure of osteoblasts to lay down matrix results in decreased composition of the affected bone
Osteoporosis
