pathology

Question 1

pathogenesis of achalasia

Answer 1

Failure of oesophageal peristalsis and of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) due to degenerative loss of ganglia from Auerbach’s plexus i.e. LOS contracted, oesophagus above dilated

Question 2

skip lesions

Answer 2

chrons

Question 3

cobble stone

Answer 3

chrons

Question 4

transmural inflam

Answer 4

chrons

Question 5

type of IBD has pseudocysts

Answer 5

UC

Question 6

what type of IBD has the higher cancer risk

Answer 6

UC

Question 7

what type of IBD show thumb print on X-ray

Answer 7

UC

Question 8

lead pip on x-ray and loss of haustra

Answer 8

UC

Question 9

lifestyle advice in chrons

Answer 9

stop smoking and balanced diet

Question 10

maintenance therapy in chrons

Answer 10

immunosuppresents/biologics

Question 11

maintenance therapy in UC

Answer 11

5ASA/ immunosuppresents/biologics

Question 12

how do 5-aminosalicylic acids (5-ASA) work

Answer 12

reduce pro-inflam prostaglandins
reduce cyclo-oxygenase

Question 13

surgery options in UC

Answer 13

permenant ileostomy
restorative proctocolectomy and J pouch