Pathologies underpinning clinical disease Flashcards
Clinical signs of URT disease
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Difficulty breathing
Loss of appetite
Head shaking/pawing at face
Facial deformity
Other systemic signs
Aetiologies in URT disease
congenital malformation
infections
toxins
trauma
tumours
metabolic/nutritional
hypersensitivity/allergy
iatrogenic
idiopathic
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal passages
Viral sinusitis/rhinitis
Often remains localised
Discomfort without serious disease
Occasionally more serious disease
Signs of acute rhinitis
Serous nasal discharge
Hyperaemia and oedema: reddened mucosa
Exudation of serum and neutrophils
Signs of chronic rhinitis
Mucopurulent nasal discharge
oedema
proliferation of mucosa: thickening
exudation of neutrophils and mucus
infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells
Bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis
Contributes to inflammation
Exudate becomes purulent
regression takes about 1-2 weeks
Fungal rhinitis/sinusitis
Aspergillus fumigatus
Discharge often dark/bloody, can be smelly
induces a glanulomatous plaque or nodule
Parasitic sinusitis/rhinitis
Linguatula serrata
Zoonotic
Pentastomida family - ‘degenerate’ parasite
tongue shaped
indirect lifecycle
embeds forebody into nasal mucosa
generally asymptomatic
Allergic rhinitis
hay fever in man, which is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibody
Fungal rhinitis radiography
Areas of decreased opacity
unilateral or bilateral conchal destruction
punctate lucencies may be seen in surrounding bone
may see poorly circumscribed mass in caudal nasal chamber and frontal sinuses
frontal sinus involvement may occur with thickening or lysis of the frontal bones
Benign neoplasms in URT
osteoma
chondroma
haemagioma
nasal polyps
cysts
progressive ethmoid haematoma
Features of BOAS
Soft palate too long - mild trauma during respiration so becomes swollen and oedematous
may overlap with epiglottis
can have eversion of laryngeal saccules
stenotic nares
Clinical signs of pharyngeal disease
Gagging, retching, choking
cough
discomfort/pain
difficulty swallowing, eating, anorexia
Nasopharyngeal polyps
in the cat
may also obstruct the nasal passages or may occlude the pharynx
have a fibroblastic core with many lymphocytes and plasma cells
Clinical sign of laryngeal disease
Difficulty breathing, asphyxia, death
Difficulty eating
Reduced performance on exercise, exercise intolerance
change in vocalisation
noise on inspiration/expiration
coughing
snorinng
Laryngeal oedema
common feature of any acute inflammation
potential for obstruction of the laryngeal orifice (narrowest part)
Can cause sudden death
Laryngeal paralysis
in horses often unilateral (roaring)
in dogs often bilateral
Causes of laryngeal paralysis
Idiopathic neuronal degeneration (most common)
Hypothyroidism (dogs)
Congenital abnormalities of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and brainstem (young age)
Secondary compression or inflammation of recurrent laryngeal nerve
Toxins
Where is mucus secreted from in the bronchioles
non-ciliated Clara cells
Clinical signs of pathology in the conducting airways
Difficulty breathing
cough
respiratory noise (ausculatation)
exercise intolerance
reduced production performance
nasal discharge?
Hypoplastic trachea
diameter of the trachea is relatively narrow compared with the size of the dog and other parts of the respiratory system
may occur alone or be part of a broader complex of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Disease (BOAS
Tracheal collapse
toy and miniature breeds of dog
dorsoventral flattening of the trachea accompanied by widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane
defect involves the entire length of the trachea
Tracheal stenosis
narrowing of the tracheal lumen and is often segmental
Peri-tracheal masses
abscesses
neoplasia
goitre
lymphadenopathy
Obstruction of the trachea
masses
foreign bodies
mucus
exudates
froth
congestion and oedema
aspiration of vomitus
Oslerus (Filaroides) osleri