Pathologies underpinning clinical disease Flashcards

Question

Peri-tracheal masses

Answer 1

abscesses neoplasia goitre lymphadenopathy

Answer 2

masses foreign bodies mucus exudates froth congestion and oedema aspiration of vomitus Oslerus (Filaroides) osleri

Answer 3

Metastrongyle - but atypical adult found in nodule at tracheal bifurcation Transmission for bitch to pups (horizontal rare) often asymptomatic but can lead to dry, debilitating cough use anthelmintics to diagnose

Answer 4

inflammation of the trachea rarely found alone usually accompanies URT infections

Answer 5

more common than tracheitis

Answer 6

Highly transmissible Contact with (kennelled) dogs Complex aetiology Various infectious agents identified Prolonged, non-productive harsh cough; can persist >3 weeks Usual outcome is recovery but chronic bronchitis/bronchopneumonia can occur - lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal/mucopurulent tracheobronchitis) Requires prolonged treatment (tetracycline x 4 wks) Vaccine.. Effective?

Answer 7

not common usually diffuse when significant often due to virus infection secondary bacterial infection can make it worse leads to loss of cilia and lysis of infected cells

Answer 8

chronic coughing, inflammatory changes in the bronchi, thickening of lamina propria sometimes focal nodules of granulation tissue hypersecretion of mucus can terminate in type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 9

when bronchus has been subjected to prolonged inflammation dilation of the the bronchus increased intrabrochial pressure by copious purulent exudate, traction on the damaged bronchus by surrounding tuissue chronic cough and foul odour to breath

Answer 10

autosomal-recessive congenital disease genetic defect is of one of the dynein genes outer and/or inner dynein arms that give cilia their motility primary defects consist of absent inner dynein arms, absent radial spokes and absence of the central microtubules results in immotile cilia or dysplastic cilia Failure of ciliary clearance means that respiratory infections are more likely to become established

Answer 11

Bronchospasm causes a reduction in the diameter of the conducting airways and hence an increased resistance In humans bronchospasm commonly occurs due to a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (asthma) Feline allergic bronchitis - on radiogrpahs the inflamed lower airways look like mini doughnuts in normally black lung tissue recurrent airway obstruction (COPD, heaves)

Answer 12

Bronchial carcinoma is the most common - develops in the epithelial cells of the bronchial MM metastasizes in the bronchial LNs

Answer 13

acute epithelial pneumonias acute inflammation in the bronchioles and alveoli with accompanying striking changes in the epithelia of these structures necrosis of type I alveolar epithelium Canine distemper, parainfluenza virus, feline calicivirus, FIP affected lungs are pink/red, oedematous, smooth appearance

Answer 14

proliferation of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

Answer 15

Bronchiolar epithelial necrosis basophilic and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies

Answer 16

Proliferation of alveolar epithelium (type II pneumocytes)

Answer 17

necrotising vasculitis alveolar oedema

Answer 18

Causes focal necrotising vasculitis

Answer 19

lesion involves bronchioles and alveoli in an acute inflammatory reaction congestion of the bronchiolar walls and infiltration of their lumen by neutrophils neighbouring alveoli also become congested and have oedema fluid and neutrophils Initially the lesion has a patchy (lobular) distribution in an area of lung Continuing spread, however, means that lobular areas of consolidation are eventually produced

Answer 20

develops as an insidious onset chronic non-suppurative reaction in the lungs, or as a sequel to unresolved or complicated acute pneumonias fibrosis - reduced lung compliance thickening of alveolar walls - impaired gas diffusion from alveoli

Answer 21

appearance of an acute necrotising exudative pneumonia bacteria capable of causing tissue necrosis that become trapped in the small bronchioles If not particularly virulent bacteria involved then causes granulomatous pneumonia with large numbers of multinucleated giant cells forming around the aspirated material lipid pneumonia occurs when substances such as liquid paraffin are aspirated into the lungs, alveoli become filled with macrophages that have foamy cytoplasm

Answer 22

In recumbent animals an area of congestion and oedema may become established at a site in the lower lung dictated by gravity

Answer 23

affects all the lobes of the lungs diffusely primarily due to damage to the alveolar walls early exudative phase characterised by extensive alveolar congestion and oedema and hyaline membrane formation develops acute respiratory distress and may die in respiratory failure second proliferative phase develops in which the early lesions are taken over by hyperplasia of alveolar type II pneumocytes in the alveolar walls

Answer 24

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs Massive pulmonary oedema affecting more or less all of the lungs may develop in diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) most common cause is (acute) left-sided heart failure severe pulmonary oedema lungs are red, heavy and swollen due to congestion and excess fluid invariably fatal due to respiratory failure

Answer 25

the blood pressure at the venous end of the pulmonary capillaries may rise to in excess of the osmotic pressure fluid therefore passes into the interstitium of the lung Within a matter of minutes the whole lung can become saturated with oedema fluid similar scenario occurs in moderate/severe chronic left-sided heart failure, over a longer time scale

Answer 26

e.g. ammonia, chlorine or sulphur dioxide cause pulmonary oedema if inhaled in quantity increased permeability which allows fluid and plasma proteins to pass out loss of plasma protein into the alveoli lowers the effective colloid osmotic pressure and further aggravates the development of oedema

Answer 27

left sided congestive heart failure iatrogenic fluid overload hypoalbuminaemia (liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, protein losing enteropathy) pulmonary vascular damage pulmonary epithelial damage

Answer 28

can be produced in rats and rabbits by injecting a small volume of a fibrin-forming mixture of plasma proteins into the subarachnoid cistern

Answer 29

marked increase in respiratory rate due to the development of massive acute pulmonary oedema pathogenesis is not known

Answer 30

occurs when the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery rises above the normal develops from diseases of the heart or lungs that elevate pulmonary vascular resistance and it may be classified into primary and secondary forms

Answer 31

due to intrinsic changes in the pulmonary arterial system causing increased resistance to blood flow through the lungs exemplified by high altitude disease in which the low partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air causes reflex pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction

Answer 32

passive: - results from chronic left heart failure elevating the pressure in the pulmonary veins obstructive: - follows progressive diminution of the vascular bed in the lungs from embolism, destructive emphysema or chronic pneumonia hyperkinetic: - due to blood entering the pulmonary circulation in greater volume or at a higher pressure than usual and exists, for example, in young animals with large ventricular septal defects

Answer 33

caused by a hypersensitivity reaction in bronchial system Generalised airway obstruction follows from bronchospasm associated with mucus secretion, oedema of bronchial walls and a cellular infiltration containing many eosinophils Most cases are due to a type I hypersensitivity reaction in the bronchial system mediated by IgE

Answer 34

relatively uncommon in domestic animals usually adenocarcinomas locally invasive some metastasize, occasionally to bone

Answer 35

arising from many and varied sites elsewhere in the body mammary carcinoma: cats, dogs thyroid carcinoma: cats haemangiosarcoma: dogs

Answer 36

Maries disease occurs in some cases of pulmonary neoplasia (primary or secondary)

Answer 37

inflammation of the pleura classified according to the nature of the inflammatory exudate Fibrinous pleurisy may involve the entire surface of a pleural cavity to be localised to an underlying area of inflammation When there is a large volume of pleural fluid, the adjacent lung collapses may resolve completely or become organised to form fibrous adhesions

Answer 38

collection of pus within a pleural cavity and is associated with purulent pleurisy lung adjacent to the empyema will collapse, will not reinflate even after the pus is drained from the thoracic cavity E.g. pyogranulomatous pleuritis caused by Nocardia asteroides in dogs (blood stained pus with sulphur granules); feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) due to feline coronavirus infection in the cat that can present as a "dry" (pyogranulomatous) or "wet" (effusive) form

Answer 39

may accumulate either bilaterally or unilaterally in the pleural cavities and cause pulmonary collapse usually due to either penetrating injuries of the chest wall or apparently spontaneous rupture of the pulmonary tissue torn area acts like a one-way valve allowing air to enter the pleural space during inspiration and trapping it there during expiration most frequently seen in dogs or cats that have been involved in car accidents

Answer 40

fluid is sterile and the serous membranes look normal collects in the ventral part of the thorax first and collapses the lower part of the lungs may be found in animals with congestive heart failure, anaemia, tumour masses at the thoracic inlet compressing the thoracic duct (e.g. thymic lymphoma in the cat) and tumour metastases on parietal pleura (e.g. bronchial carcinoma)

Answer 41

accumulation of chylous fluid (lymph rich in triglycerides) in the thoracic cavity due to rupture of major lymph vessels in the thoracic cavity

Answer 42

Uncommon, in dogs more than cats route of infection - penetrating wound or possibly inhaled? Chronic suppurative pneumonia and pleurisy refractory to antimicrobials pyogranulomas with 'sulfur granules' gram +ve, acid fast bacterium, aerobic

Answer 43

occurs occasionally in dogs and cats with traumatic injuries especially following road accidents torn at its attachment to the ribs or less frequently near its centre mobile abdominal organs such as the stomach, small intestines or lobes of the liver pass into the thorax where they compress the lungs, causing respiratory difficulty