Pathologies and Tests 2nd 1/2 Flashcards
Auscultation
listening to sounds within the body (with stethoscope)
Percussion
tapping on a surface to determine difference in density of underlying structure (over solid organ sound = dull w.out resonance, vs. the lungs = hollow, resonant sound)
Pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
-pleurae are roughened and thickens from inflammation, infection, scarring or neoplastic cells
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in alveoli
-pt’s with pneumonia, bronchiectasis or acute bronchitis
Rhonchi
sound rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
Sputum
material expelled from bronchi, lungs or URT by spitting
Stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in pharynx or larynx
Wheezes
continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
Croup
acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor
-common cause: respiratory syncytial virus
Diptheria
acute infection of throat and URT caused by the diphtheria bacterium
-inflammation occurs and leathery, opaque membrane forms on pharynx and trachea
Epistaxis
nose bleed
Pertussis
whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of pharynx, larynx and trachea from Bordetella pertussis.
-paroxysmal (violent, sudden) fits of coughing and wheezing
Asthma
chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production
Bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of bronchus, usually secondary to infection
Chronic Bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time - is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cystic fibrosis
Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mutinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally
Atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
Emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls - loss of elasticity and breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitations.
also a form of COPD
Pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, chronic inflammation, infection and bronchitis
-anthracosis (coal dust), asbestosis (asbestos) and silicosis (silica or glass dust)
Pneumonia
Acute inflammation and infection in alveoli, which fill with pus or products of inflammation reaction
Can see infiltrate in an X-ray or CT scan
Pulmonary edema
Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
-commonly caused by inability of the heart to pump blood; blood backs up in blood vessels and fluid seeps into alveoli and bronchioles
Pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
-can be idiopathic and secondary from other lung disease
Sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
Tuberculosis
infection disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
-highly contagiuos
Mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor arising in pleura
- derived from mesothelium, lining of the pleural surface
- commonly caused by asbestos
Pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
-from exudates (fluid from tumors or infections) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism or cirrhosis)
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
Inflammation of pleura
Pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space
- hole in the lung to the pleural space
- treatment = pleurodesis, which are artificial adhesions
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection fo radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
-identify areas of the lungs not receiving adequate air or blood flow
Tuberculin test
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on positive skin reaction
-Heaf test and tine test using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with puncture to skin &
Mantoux test using PPD given by intraepidermal injection
Differentiate B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
B cells = from bone marrow, creates antibodies
T cells = from thymus, act on antigens and destroy them, or create products that will
Differentiate cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
cell-mediated = t cells (helper and cytotoxic) respond to antigens and destroy them humoral = b cells produce antibodies after exposure to certain antigens
Where are cytokines released and what do they do?
proteins released by cytotoxic t cells that aid in antigen destruction (examples = proteins called interferons and interleukins)
What is a cytotoxic t cell? What do they do?
CD8+ - T lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
How does a dendritic cell aid in immunity?
helps T and B cells target antigens for attach - they present antigen cells
What is a helper t cell? What do they do?
CD4+ - t lymphocyte that aids b cells and stimulates t cells
Where are immunoglobulins secreted from? what do they do?
they are secreted from mature b cells.
antibodies that are secreted in response to an antigen
What is a suppressor t cell?
a lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of b and t cells. AKA Treg (regulatory t cell)
