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Medical terminology course > Other terms and concepts > Flashcards

Other terms and concepts Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is contained in the pleural cavity?

A

the LUNGS

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2
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

between and outside the lungs containing the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes and lymph nodes

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3
Q

Where is the peritoneum?

A

surrounds the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

What is the supine position?

A

lying on back

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5
Q

What is the prone position?

A

lying on belly

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6
Q

Define a hiatal hernia

A

when stomach protrudes into the mediastinum to the esophageal opening in diaphragm

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7
Q

define an inguinal hernia

A

when intestine protrudes down to the groin

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8
Q

differentiate a cystocele and rectocele

A

cystocele is when the bladder protrudes toward the vagina, and a rectocele is when the rectum protrudes toward the vagina

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9
Q

What is a common hernia occurring in infants?

A

omphalocele, when the insetting protrudes to the abdominal wall near the navel

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10
Q

Name the 3 different types of GRANULOCYTES

A

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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11
Q

Where are eosinophils seen?

A

they are present in most allergic reactions

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12
Q

Where are basophils seen?

A

they are present in the healing process of inflammation

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13
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

most numerous and most important, they engulf and digest bacteria for fighting diseases.

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14
Q

Name the 2 different types of MONONUCLEAR leukocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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15
Q

What are the lymphocytes job?

A

create antibodies

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16
Q

What is the monocytes job?

A

to clean up after neutrophils, then they leave the blood to go to the tissues and become macrophages

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17
Q

Define adenoids.

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue in pharynx near nose and nasal passage. Literally means “resembling glands”, as they are neither eco nor endo glands

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18
Q

When do blood antibodies become a problem with mother and child?

A

In the RH condition. If mom is an RH- and the baby is RH+, it becomes a problem in the SECOND pregnancy.

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19
Q

What happens in the second pregnancy of an RH- mom having an RH+ baby?

A

baby develops hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis retalis. If mom had an RH+ baby before, the mothers RH- antigens will be exposed to the first baby, creating sensitization. With the second baby however, these antigens will find the babies RBC’s and destroy them.

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20
Q

Define a congenital anomaly.

A

When a baby is born with an irregular structure/organ; can be hereditary or develop during pregnancy

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21
Q

How would you define a syndrome?

A

a group of signs/symptoms appearing together to produce a typical picture of disease.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms for Reye syndrome?

A

vomitting, swelling brain, hypoglycaemia, liver dysfunction, due to viral infection treated w. asprin

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23
Q

Describe what Marfan syndrome looks like?

A

it is an inherited connective tissue disorder where one has a tall, thin body; spidery fingers; elongated head and heart; vessel and ophthalmic abnormalities.

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24
Q

What is the hardest tissue in the human body?

A

enamel!

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25
Q

Name the 3 salivary glands.

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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26
Q

What are the secretions that the stomach secretes?

A

Pepsin - a digestive enzyme. Hydrochloric acid - to digest protein and kill bacteria

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27
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives bile?

A

Duodenum

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28
Q

What is bilirubin and how does it relate to jaundice?

A

Bilirubin is a bile pigment that is produced by the destruction of RBC; it travels to the liver where it gets converted a water-soluble product. If the bile duct is blocker or there is liver damage, then bilirubin stays in bloodstream = jaundice

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29
Q

What is the path of bile?

A

Liver - hepatic duct - cystic duct - gallbladder - common bile duct - duodenum

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30
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

any surgical connection between 2 parts; such as vessels, ducts or bowel segments

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31
Q

What would parenteral nutrition look like?

A

(para-, meaning part from); when an intravenous line brings nutrition directly into the bloodstream, ‘apart from’ the intestine (bypassing)

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32
Q

Define ascites.

A

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

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33
Q

what are the noises in your abdomen called when gas/fluid is moving?

A

borborygmi

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34
Q

Medical term for burping?

A

eructation

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35
Q

What is it called when one passing fresh, bloody stools from the rectum?

A

hematochezia

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36
Q

What is melena?

A

black, tarry stools; contains digested blood.

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37
Q

What does a stool guaiac test test for?

A

tested for blood int the feces

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38
Q

Define steatorrhea.

A

When there is fat in the feces

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39
Q

Another term for tooth decay?

A

dental caries

40
Q

What is aphthous stomatitis?

A

inflammation of the mouth; containing small painful ulcers

41
Q

define oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches (precancerous lesions) on the mucosa of the mouth

42
Q

What is another term for gingivitis?

A

periodontal disease

43
Q

What happens when achalasia happens?

A

there is a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to relax.

44
Q

What are esophageal varices?

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus (generally caused by liver disease)

45
Q

What is another term for heart burn?

A

gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)

46
Q

What are anal fistulas? What can cause them?

A

abnormal, tube-like passage near the anus. Usually caused buy a break/fissure, or an abscess

47
Q

What are the two types of colonic polyps?

A
  1. pedunculated - have a stalk

2. sessile - attached right to mucosa membrane

48
Q

What is involved in inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn’s disease (chronic inflammation of intestinal tract), and ulcerative colitis

49
Q

Define diverticulosis.

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of colon. Can cause diverticulitis if feral matter becomes trapped in the diverticula

50
Q

What is dysentery?

A

painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

51
Q

Define hemorrhoids.

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in rectal region

52
Q

What is the term used to describe a loss of peristalsis due to an abstraction in the intestines.

A

ileus

53
Q

What is occurring when intussusception is going on?

A

telescoping of the intestines; when one segment of the bowel collapses into the opening on another

54
Q

what is volvulus?

A

twisting of the intestine on itself.

55
Q

term for gall stones (calculi) in gall bladder?

A

cholelithiasis

56
Q

what is liver cirrhosis?

A

chronic degeneration of the liver

57
Q

What is alpha feto-protein (AFP)?

A

a tumor marker that is elevated in the blood of patients who have hepatocellular carcinoma.

58
Q

What are 3 examples of liver function tests?

A

1&2) Alanine and aspartate transaminase (ALT and AST) tests, as thee enzymes are elevated in the serum of patients with liver disease.
3) bilirubin test

59
Q

What is lower gastrointestinal X-ray series called?

A

barium enema; barium goes in rectum

60
Q

What are the 2 types of cholangiography’s?

A
  • percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography; contrast is injected into the biliary vessels
  • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; contrast is administered through catheter into esophagus through to bile ducts
61
Q

What do computed tomography scans rely on for imaging?

A

tissue densities; can also use contrasts to image blood vessels

62
Q

What is an HIDA scan?

A
  • cholescintigraphy

- determines gall bladder function using nuclear medicine

63
Q

What are the other terms used for a gastric bypass?

A

bariatric (bar/o = weight, iatr/o = treatment) surgery, or gastrojejunostomy

64
Q

Name the 2 materials the kidneys secrete and their jobs.

A
  1. renin - raises blood pressure

2. erythropoietin - stimulates RBC production

65
Q

Define colic.

A

intermittent spasms of pain caused by distention of an organ

66
Q

What is a stricture?

A

an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway

67
Q

How do you define interstitial nephritis. What can it be caused by?

A

the inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.
Can be caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like asprin

68
Q

How do you define nephrotic syndrome? What are the main signs?

A

signs or symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

edema and hypoalbuminemia are the main signs

69
Q

What are the 2 types of hereditary polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

A
  • asymptomatic until middle aged; hematuria, ute’s, nephrolithiasis and failure
  • seen in infants and children resulting in renal failure
70
Q

What are ARF and CRF?

A

acute renal failure and chronic renal failure

71
Q

How is chronic kidney disease (CKD) defined?

A

the levels of creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

72
Q

Differentiate secondary and essential hypertension.

A 
secondary = renal HT (caused by abnormal condition like glomerulonephritis)
essential = no obvious underlying medical condition to cause HT
73
Q

What is a Wilms tumor?

A

a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

74
Q

Differentiate Diabetes insipidus (DI) and mellitus (DM)?

A 
insipidus = when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
mellitus = insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
75
Q

What is a KUB?

A

kidney, ureters, bladder; x-ray exam w/out contrast to examine

76
Q

What is a retrograde pyelogram (RP)?

A

x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.

77
Q

Differentiate hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

A

hemodialysis: arteriovenous fistula was made so that blood can be taken out of the body and nitrogenous wastes removed
peritoneal: fluid injected into peritoneal cavity so that wastes diffuse into that and can be removed

78
Q

What is the adnexa of the female reproductive system?

A

accessory structures of the uterus - fallopian tubes, ovaries and supporting ligaments

79
Q

What are Bartholin glands

A

glands present at the vaginal opening that secrete mucus to lubricate

80
Q

What are benign tumours in the uterus? How are they treated if they needed to be?

A

Fibroids, or leiomyota (leiomyomas).

Uterine artery embolisation (UAE) can be used to block blood supply to these fibroids

81
Q

What are the 2 common types of ovarian cancer

A

serous - clear fluid
mutinous - thick, pasty fluid
cystic adenocarcinomas

82
Q

T/F ; genes play a part in ovarian cancer.

A

True! The mutations of the genes BRCA1 and 2 (breast cancer 1 and 2) are at higher risk

83
Q

3 common types of breast cancer

A

invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular and medullary carcinoma

84
Q

2 tests for testing for breast cancer

A

stereostatic core needle biopsy with help of mammogram AND

to see if metastasize to lymph, do sentinel node biopsy (SNB)

85
Q

What are some markers in breast cancer to check which treatment to use?

A
  • Test for Estrogen receptors, and 2/3 of breast tumours are ER+
  • Herceptin (HER2)
86
Q

What are 2 very common treatments (drugs) for breast cancer?

A

tamoxifen - blocks ER reception

aromatase inhibitors - block ER producing enzyme

87
Q

What is fibrocystic breast disease?

A

numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast (benign)

88
Q

What is it called when the placenta is separated prematurely?

A

abruptio placentae

89
Q

Define placenta previa

A

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in a lower region of the uterus (c-section birth)

90
Q

What is preeclampsia?

A

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked with high BP, proteinuria, edema and heachache.
-can lead to eclampsia - very serious

91
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

A hemolytic disease in the newborn bay caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility b/ween mom and fetus

92
Q

What is the disease caused by deficiency of surfactant on the lungs in a newborn?

A

hyaline membrane disease

93
Q

What is meconium aspiration syndrome?

A

when a newborn inhales the meconium produced by a fetus or newborn - the first intestinal discharge from the newborn

94
Q

Pyloric stenosis is associated with ________?

A

down syndrome - it is a narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

95
Q

What is the procedure D & C ?

A

dilation and curettage - which is a widening of the cervix and scraping off the endometrial linen of the uterus to diagnose uterine disease or halt heavy uterine bleeding, as well as abortion

96
Q

What is an exenteration?

A

the removal of internal organs within a cavity

Medical terminology course (8 decks)

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