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Infectious Diseases > Pathologies > Flashcards

Pathologies Flashcards

0
Q

Systemic signs

A 
Fever
Chills
Fatigue
Weakness
Headache
Nausea
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1
Q

Local signs

A 
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Warmth
Pus with bacterial infection
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2
Q

Possible complication infection

A

Septic shock

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3
Q

4 diagnostic tests infections

A

Culture/staining
Blood test
Stool test
Radiography

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4
Q

Which pathology likely test radiography

A

Tuberculosis

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5
Q

3 signs in a blood test

A

Bacterial infection - leukocytosis
Viral infection - leukopenia
High ESR

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6
Q

Describe cellulitis

A

Diffuse bacterial skin infection resulting in inflammation of dermal/subcutaneous layers

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7
Q

Description of erysipelas

A

More superficial than cellulitis
Bacterial infection of dermis and upper subcutaneous layer
Presents with well defined edge

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8
Q

Often hard to distinguish between erysipelas and cellulitis because

A

Often co-exist

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9
Q

Cause cellulitis/erysipelas

A

Bacterial - staphylococcus aureus
Enter skin through minor trauma, eczema, ulcers
Often originates from subjects own strep bacteria in nasal passages

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10
Q

Symptoms cellulitis/erysipelas

A

Very red inflamed skin
Fever
General illness

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11
Q

Complications cellulitis/erysipelas

A

Fatal without antibiotics

Danger of necrosis

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12
Q

Diagnosis cellulitis/ erysipelas

A

Microbe analysis

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13
Q

Differential diagnosis cellulitis/erysipelas

A

Contact dermatitis

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14
Q

What is impetigo

A

Very infectious skin infection

Common in infants

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15
Q

Cause impetigo

A

Bacterial :

Staph or haemolytic strep

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16
Q

Transmission impetigo

A

Very contagious
Spread by direct contact or
Indirect contact via eating utensils or towels

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17
Q

Symptoms impetigo

A

Pustules with round oozing patches
Grow larger daily
Clear blisters or yellow crusts
Mostly affects face, hands, skin folds

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18
Q

Complications impetigo

A

Glomeruloneohritis

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19
Q

What is candida oral

A

Mycosis of mucous tissues

Mostly Candida albicans or related yeasts

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20
Q

Transmission oral candida

A

Direct contact

Indirect contact - toothbrush, towels etc

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21
Q

Symptoms Candida oral

A

Localised inflammation of mucous tissues

Often after antibiotics/immune compromised patients

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22
Q

Complications candida oral

A

Can go systemic in immune compromised patients

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23
Q

How to prevent candida oral

A

Immune stimulation
Strengthening residential flora
Good hygiene

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24
Q

Genital candida triggers

A 
Antibiotics
OCP
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Immune disorders
General illness
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25
Q

Symptoms genital candida

A 
Genital perineal itch
Irritation
Thick discharge
Inflammation
Dysuria
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26
Q

Diagnosis candida genital

A

Physical exam for inflammation /discharge

Fungal culture/analysis

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27
Q

Differential diagnosis genital candida

A

Genital herpes

UTI or bacterial vaginosis

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28
Q

Allopathic treatment genital candida

A

Antifungals

Preventative pessary once a month

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29
Q

Complications genital candida

A

Can become systemic if immune compromised

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30
Q

4 ways to prevent genital candida

A

Wipe front to back
Avoid douches - vagina self cleaning
Avoid soap, fragrances or antiseptic directly on vagina
Avoid tight underwear

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31
Q

What is diphtheria

A

Highly contagious upper respiratory tract infection primarily in nose and throat

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32
Q

Cause diphtheria

A

Bacterial

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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33
Q

Transmission diphtheria

A

Droplet transmission

34
Q

Symptoms diphtheria

A

Sore throat
Fever
Swollen cervical lymph nodes
Grey membrane (necrosis) across tonsils/pharynx/nose

35
Q

Diagnosis diphtheria

A

Throat culture

36
Q

Prognosis diphtheria

A

5-10% fatality

37
Q

Incubation time diphtheria

A

2-5 days

38
Q

Complications diphtheria

A

Exotoxins - cause systemic often life-threatening complications
Damage heart muscle causing failure
Paralyse breathing muscles
Necrotic membrane can form deep in throat blocking airways

39
Q

Allopathic treatment diphtheria

A

Emergency!
Antitoxins, antibiotics
Respirator
DPT vaccine

40
Q

What is scarlet fever

A

Infectious disease resulting from exotoxins released by strep bacteria

41
Q

Scarlet fever characterised by

A

Sore throat
High temperature
Rash
Strawberry tongue

42
Q

Scarlet fever usually in,y occurs in

A

Children

43
Q

Prognosis scarlet fever

A

Full recovery is usual

44
Q

Transmission scarlet fever

A

Droplet transmission

45
Q

Cause scarlet fever

A

Strep pyogenes (bacterial)

46
Q

Incubation time scarlet fever

A

3-4 days

47
Q

Symptoms scarlet fever

A 
Sore throat
Fever
Scarlet rash (blanches under pressure unlike meningitis)
Strawberry tinge - pale coat, red spots
General illness
48
Q

Complications scarlet fever

A

Lung infection

Rheumatic fever

49
Q

Herpes cause

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

50
Q

Transmission herpes

A

Direct contact or indirect

Saliva - can be present weeks after symptoms

51
Q

Symptoms herpes

A

Painful lesions around mouth/nose that ulcerated, scab then heal
Virus dormant in trigeminal nerve
Re-occurrence triggered by stress, infection, sun etc

52
Q

Complications herpes

A

Spreading to eyes

53
Q

What is chicken pox

A

Highly infectious viral disease mostly in children

54
Q

Cause chicken pox

A

Varicella-zoster virus

55
Q

Incubation time chicken pox

A

2-3 weeks

56
Q

Transmission chicken pox

A

Droplet infection

Also through air

57
Q

Symptoms chicken pox

A

2 weeks duration
Fever
Exanthema - vesicular eruptions on skin

58
Q

Complications chicken pox

A

Infection from scratching

Encephalitis

59
Q

What is shingles

A

Infection by varicella zoster virus after chicken pox infection

60
Q

Cause shingles

A

Varicella zoster virus

61
Q

Symptoms shingles

A

Severe pain
Paraesthesia
Vesicular rash on one side of body following nerves

62
Q

Complications chicken pox

A

Neuralgia

63
Q

What is whooping cough

A

Infectious disease with coughing attacks where desperate attempt to breathe makes hooping sound - happens only 50% of time

64
Q

Cause whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis - bacteria

65
Q

Incubation time whooping cough

A

7-14 days

66
Q

Transmission whooping cough

A

Droplet infection

67
Q

Whooping cough symptoms

A

Starts like cold 1-2 weeks
Then cough that won’t go
Cough gets worse and presents with attacks 3-6 weeks

68
Q

Complications whooping cough

A

Pneumonia

69
Q

Allopathic treatment whooping cough

A

Immunisation - DPT VACCINE
diphtheria
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Tetanus

70
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Infection usually caused by pathogenic bacteria - mycobacterium tuberculosis

71
Q

Tuberculosis primarily affects the

A

Lungs

72
Q

Tuberculosis also affects the

A 
CNS
Lymph
Circulation
Genitourinary
Bones
Joints
Skin
73
Q

Why does tuberculosis primarily affect the respiratory system

A

Because it’s highly aerobic, requires high oxygen levels for growth.

74
Q

Why is tuberculosis on the increase

A

One reason the bacterium v resistant even to some disinfectants

75
Q

Transmission tuberculosis

A

Droplet
Inspiration of dust, dry excretions
Contaminated milk
Immunity of the patient plays an important role

76
Q

Tuberculosis symptoms

A

Can vary due to different organs affected

Pulmonary TB : fever, cough, night sweats, feeling severely ill, high ESR, leukocytosis, weight loss, anorexia

77
Q

Allopathic treatments TB

A

Antibiotics for 6 months

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine

78
Q

Why is TB one of leading causes of death in the world

A

One third of worlds population are carriers

Disease can become active in times of lowered immunity

79
Q

What is measles

A

Acute and v infectious disease mainly in children

80
Q

Cause measles

A

Measles virus

81
Q

Incubation time measles

A

11 days

82
Q

Transmission measles

A

Droplet infection

83
Q

Diagnosis measles

A

Blood test

Infectious Diseases (5 decks)

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