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Infectious Diseases > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

Diseases may be caused by:

A

Micro-organisms - viruses, bacteria, fungi

Multi-cellular organisms

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1
Q

4 ways a human pathogen can be transmitted

A

Airborne transmission
Contaminated water
Contact/faeces
Bloodstream/tissues

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2
Q

Micro-organisms also known as

A

Microbes

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3
Q

Two types microbes

A

Non-pathogenic

Pathogenic

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4
Q

Define commensal microbes

A

Symbiotic relationship with human body

One benefits, other unaffected

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5
Q

Describe mutualistic microbes

A

Symbiotic relationship with human body
Both benefit
Eg - E. coli makes vit K for us

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6
Q

Define parasitic microbes

A

Symbiotic relationship with human body

Microbe benefits at human expense

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7
Q

Define opportunistic microbes

A

Symbiotic relationship with human body
Initially commensal/mutualistic, becomes parasitic
Eg Candida

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8
Q

Who was the ‘father of microbiology’ and when

A

Anton Bon Leeuwenhoek
1670s
Invented microscope

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9
Q

Who proved the ‘germ theory of disease’ that microorganisms are in air but not created by it

A

Louis Pasteur 1860s

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10
Q

Who was described as the saviour of mothers due to the reduction of childbed fevers and deaths

A

Dr Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1847

Postulated disinfecting hands with chlorine and lime in hospitals

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11
Q

Who discovers antibiotics by accident and received a Nobel Prize in1945

A

Alexander Fleming 1900s

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12
Q

What type of organisms are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular

DO NOT require living tissue to survive

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13
Q

Do bacteria vary in size, shape and cell wall structure?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Two types of bacteria (cell wall)

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

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15
Q

Bacteria reproduce via

A

Binary fission

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16
Q

What is the reproductive structure adopted by bacteria, many fungi and some protozoans - adapted for dispersion and surviving in unfavourable conditions.

A

Spore formation

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17
Q

When are exotoxins produced

A

Released/actively secreted by living microbe

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18
Q

What do exotoxins stimulate

A

Antibody or antitoxin production

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19
Q

Ex of exotoxin

A

Botulinum exotoxin (botulism)

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20
Q

When are endotoxins released

A

After organism death

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21
Q

Ex of endotoxin

A

Salmonella

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22
Q

Endotoxins cause:

A

Often fever/malaise

Increased vascular permeability/ loss of vascular fluid - toxic shock

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23
Q

Which is usually more harmful endo or exo toxins

A

Exotoxins - v toxic!

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24
Q

Some bacteria contain/produce enzymes to help them invade a host.
Known as

A

Invasive enzymes

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25
Q

Example of bacteria with invasive enzymes

A

Haemolytic streptococci produce active haemolysins which breakdown red blood cells

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26
Q

There are a few bacteria types which DO require living tissue to survive these are known as

A

Intracellular

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27
Q

3 examples of intracellular bacteria

A

Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasmas

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28
Q

What is chlamydiae

A

An obligate intracellular parasite (bacteria) mainly sexually transmitted

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29
Q

What is rickettsiae

A

Diverse collection of obligate intracellular bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers and mammals
Transmitted by insects eg Typhus Fever

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30
Q

What are mycoplasmas

A

A genus of bacteria lacking a cell wall making them difficult to treat. They are parasitic or saprotrophic

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31
Q

Define saprotrophic

A

Live on decomposing organic material

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32
Q

What can mycoplasma bacteria cause

A

Pneumonia

33
Q

What are human micro flora also known as

A

Human microbiome

34
Q

Define human microflora

A

Naturally occurring micro organisms ( mostly bacteria) inhabiting the healthy human body

35
Q

Human microflora present in

A 
Nasal cavity
Skin
Mouth
Intestines
Vagina
Perineum
36
Q

Human microflora absent in

A

blood, CSF, lungs, stomach, uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovary, bladder, kidneys

37
Q

When would human microflora be found in the areas in which it is usually absent

A

With infection

Disease state

38
Q

Some flora cannot inhabit or survive on the human body, present for short periods only. Known as

A

Transient flora

39
Q

What are viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

40
Q

What do viruses need for survival and replication

A

A LIVING host

41
Q

Are viruses cells

A

No!

A strand of RNA or DNA in a hard protein coat - capsid.

42
Q

Hard protein coat of viruses known as

A

Capsid

43
Q

Some viruses have type of coat called

A

Envelope coat

44
Q

Viruses reproduce by

A

injecting RNA/DNA strand into living host cell

Using host cells apparatus for reproduction

45
Q

DNA virus examples

A

Smallpox
Herpes
Chickenpox

46
Q

RNA virus examples

A

Measles, mumps, HIV, Rhinoviruses, Coronavirus

47
Q

4 reasons why viruses are more difficult for body to identify and destroy, also to treat with drugs

A

They HIDE in host cells
No METABOLISM - anti microbial agents won’t work against enzymes
Not many STRUCTURES of their own
Able to MUTATE - change surface antigens, avoid host immune response.

48
Q

3 forms of viral replication

A

Viral lysis
Viral budding
Latent stage

49
Q

Define viral lysis

A

Virus exits host cell by destroying it - bursting membrane

50
Q

Define viral budding

A

Virus exits cell and acquires an envelope (outer membrane) of its own from hosts plasma membrane

51
Q

Define latent stage (viruses)

A

Disease present but hidden and inactive

52
Q

Example of virus that can remain hidden for years

A

Herpes simplex

53
Q

What type of organisms are fungi

A

Eukaryotic

54
Q

What type of cells are fungi

A

Single cells or chains of cells

55
Q

Do fungi have a cell wall

A

Yes

56
Q

Where are fungi found

A

Everywhere

57
Q

Fungal infection also known as

A

My sis

58
Q

3 forms of fungi mycosis usually results from

A

Yeasts
Moulds
Dermatophytes

59
Q

Describe yeast

2 examples

A

Single celled fungus
Candida albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

60
Q

Define mould and give functions

A

Multi-cellular fungi
Cause disease/food spoilage
Or
Biodegraduation in production of foods, antibiotics, enzymes

61
Q

Dermatrophytes is Greek for

A

Skin plants

62
Q

What are dermatrophytes

A

A group of 3 types fungus causing skin disease in humans/animals
By obtaining nutrients from keratinised material

63
Q

Mycosis can become systemic in patients with

A

Immunodeficiency
HIV
AIDS
diabetes

64
Q

Fungi growth promoted by

A

Warmth

Moisture

65
Q

Two types fungi filaments

A

Hyphae - long filaments

Mycelium mesh of intertwined filaments

66
Q

2 methods of fungi reproduction

A

Asexual - budding

Sexual - spores

67
Q

What type of organisms are Protozoa

A

Eukaryotic

68
Q

What type off cell structure are Protozoa

A

Single cells

69
Q

Do Protozoa have cell walls

A

No only lipid- protein membrane

70
Q

Protozoa are found in

A

Most soils, fresh water and oceans

71
Q

In what numbers are Protozoa found

A

Most are solitary individuals

Colonial forms exist

72
Q

Are Protozoa parasitic

A

Some are

73
Q

4 ways Protozoa can reproduce

A

Binary/ multiple fission
Budding
Sexual
Can form cysts and survive hard conditions

74
Q

2 examples Protozoa

A

Giardia

Malaria parasites

75
Q

What are helminths

A

Parasitic worms

76
Q

What type of organism helminths

A

Eukaryotic

77
Q

What type of cell structure helminths

A

Multi celled

78
Q

Are helminths a microbe

A

Not normally, can be small or v large

79
Q

Life cycle of helminths

A

Egg
Larva
Adults

80
Q

Helminths live in

A

Intestine
Blood
Tissue

Infectious Diseases (5 decks)

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