Pathologies

Question 1

Bulging disc

Answer 1

nucleus pulposus bulges into anulus fibrosus
most frequently posterolaterally
can impinge on nerve root
disc degeneration > prolapse > extrusion > sequestration

Question 2

Laminectomy

Answer 2

surgical excision of lamina of vertebra
usually because of too much pressure on nerve root
unilateral or bilateral
*bone instead of disc issue

Question 3

Compression fracture

Answer 3

body of vertebrae gets crushed

Question 4

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 4

pars and arch don't fully develop
typically asymptomatic (possible tuft of hair on back)
fairly common

Question 5

Spina bifida cystica

Answer 5

sever
pars and arch don’t fully develop
herniation of meninges, spinal cord, and nerve root

Question 6

C-spine injuries

Answer 6

commonly from high speed MVA

open mouth x-ray of anterior view of dens for fx or tear of transverse ligament

Question 7

Spinal stenosis

Answer 7

"narrowing"
transverse foramen (vertebral artery insufficiency)
intervertebral foramen (can be bi or unilateral)
central foramen (global problems)

Question 8

Vertebral artery insufficiency

Answer 8

reduced blood flow to brain (either small intervertebral foramen or arteriosclerosis)

Question 9

Spondylosis

Answer 9

breakdown of bone similar to arthritis

Question 10

Spondylolysis

Answer 10

fracture in pars or arch

scotty dog x-ray

Question 11

Spondylolithesis

Answer 11

fracture in pars or arch with vertebral displacement

Question 12

SCI

Answer 12

spinal cord injury

trauma to vertebral body can cause SCI

Question 13

Thoracic outlet compression syndrome

Answer 13

impingement of nerves and arteries to lower neck and upper limb
sometimes area must be surgically expanded though sometimes stretching can fix

Question 14

Most common disc injury sites

Answer 14

L4-L5 and L5-S1

C4-C5 and C5-C6