PATHOLOGICAL BASIS OF DISEASE Flashcards
These are clinical measurements comprising pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature.
Vital signs
Enumerate the vital signs of animals.
- Pulse rate
- Respiratory rate
- Rectal temp. (PRT)
Define pulse rate.
Rate of arterial pulse synonymous to heart eate
Define respiratory rate.
Rate of lung breaths; one cycle of respiration (inspiration and expiration)
What is the normal pulse rate of a dog?
100-130 bpm
What is the normal pulse rate of a cat?
110-140 bpm
What is the normal pulse rate of rabbit?
180-350 bpm
Define tachycardia and give the circumstances that trigger it.
- Increased heart rate
- Nervousness
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperactivity
- Heat
- Exhaustion
- Fever
Define bradycardia and give the circumstances that trigger it.
- Decreased heart rate
- Sleeping
- Rest
- Cold condition
What is the normal respiratory rate of dog?
22 breaths/min (+/- 5); 17-27 breaths/min
What is the normal respiratory rate of cat?
26 breaths/min (+/-5); 21-21-31 breaths/min
What is the normal respiratory rate of rabbit?
39 breaths/min (+/-5) = 34-44 breaths/min
Define tachypnea and give circumstances that trigger it.
- Increased respiratory rate
- Hyperactivity
- Increased environmental temp.
Define bradypnea and give circumstances that trigger it.
- Slow respiratory rate
- Rest
What is the normal rectal temp. of dog?
38.5 - 39.5 C (38.9)
What is the normal rectal temp. of dog?
38.0 - 39.0 C (38.6 C)
What is the normal rectal temp. of rabbit?
38.0 - 39.9 C (39.0 C)
Define hyperthermia and give circumstances that trigger it.
- High rectal temp.
- Fever
- Increased BMR (too much production of T3 and T4)
- Hyperthyroidism
Define hypothermia and give circumstances that trigger it.
- Low rectal temp.
- Decreased environmental temp.
- Sign of impending death among animal patients
This is defined as elevation in body temp. above normal for an extended period of time; established from lesion and an indicator that there is an infection.
Pyrexia of fever
Why do we get a fever if there’s an infection?
Gram negative is ingested by a macrophage upon ingestion > macrophage will release interleukin 1 > will circulate throughout the body > go to hypothalamus (main terminal organ of the body and control center) > is stimulated to release prostaglandin > resets the body’s thermostat to increase body temp
Psychrophiles thrive at what temperature ?
0 - 15 C
Mesophiles thrive at what temperature ?
15 - 40 C (most common microorganism)
Bacillus and Clostridium is a spore-forming bacteria resistant to heat that can be killed with ____ C in a span of ____ minutes.
95 C; 120 minutes
Classify Geobacillus stearothermophilus based on environmental temperature they strive in.
Thermophiles
Thermophiles thrive at what temperature ?
above 40 C
This is defined as decrease in body temperature.
Hypothermia
This is defined as increase in body temperature.
Hyperthermia
This is defined as decrease in functional activity of animal.
Depression
This is defined as increase in motor activity; constant walking and vocalizing/lying down and getting up.
Restlessness
This is defined as abnormal drowsiness.
Lethargy
Tryptophol (pharmacologically lethargic substance) is produced by what organism?
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei (animals)
- Brucei gombiense and Brucei rhodiense (humans)
Sleeping sickness is caused by ?
Trypanosoma glossina (tsetse flies) - only in Africa
This is defined as excessive leanness or wasted body condition.
Emaciation
Define gluconeogenesis.
Conversion/synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (e.g. protein)
This is defined as general physical wasting and malnutrition usually associated to terminal disease such as cancer.
Cachexia
(Type of malnutrition)
Carbohydrate deficiency is otherwise known as ?
Marasmus
(Type of malnutrition)
Protein deficiency is otherwise known as ?
Kwashiorkor protein
This is defined as state of extreme prostration (exhaustion) and depression with failure of circulation.
Collapse
This is defined as loss of appetite with associated fever, depression, and lethargy; affects the hunger center of the hypothalamus.
Anorexia nervosa
This is defined as act of disgorging.
Vomiting/Emesis
Vomiting is due to irritation of ?
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone Hypothalamus (CRTZ)
Drugs that counteract the effects of vomiting.
Antiemetic drug
This is defined as persistent vomiting usually happening in pregnant women.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Thalidomide is a drug to inhibit or prevent nausea and vomiting for pregnant women. What are its side effects?
Phocomelia (hypoplasia of limbs of the baby, disintegrated)
This is defined as abnormally frequent intestinal evacuation with more or less fluid stool.
Diarrhea
What is the normal transit time of food?
10-12 hrs. (unsure)
Other term for itching
Pruritus
Pruritis or itching is due to ?
Irritation of sensory nerve endings of the skin that can be attributed to allergens or foreign agents
This is defined as loss of hair, feather, or wool.
Alopecia
A mite that attacks hair follicle which can affect dogs with clinical demodicosis.
Demodex
This is marked by: Total Blood Volume is lacking > small amount of blood in the blood vessel > leads to a decrease in total BV, blood flow and hemoconcentration; circulatory deficiency
Shock
Type of shock that can be induced by anesthetic overdose, congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction.
Cardiogenic shock
Type of shock induced by blood loss and/or massive hemorrhage.
Hypovolemic shock
Type of shock induced by temporary cessation of nervous function.
Neurogenic shock
Type of shock caused by gram negative bacterial infection.
Septic/Endotoxic shock
Type of shock caused by exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction due to an allergen.
Anaphylactic shock
What is the drug of choice for anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine
If there’s no epinephrine available for anaphylaxis, what is the alternative ?
Antihistamine
This is defined as exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a certain object or secretion.
Phobic tendencies
