CYTOLOGY

Question 1

Simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism and production of energy

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

Give the 3 components of cytoskeleton and describe them.

Answer 2

1. Microtubule - for movement control & some aspect of mitosis
2. Intermediate filaments - (?)
3. Actin filaments - smallest

Question 3

Give the 4 cations.

Answer 3

1. Na+
2. K+
3. Ca++
4. Mg+

Question 4

5 Basic substances of protoplasm:

• Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

Answer 4

Electrolytes

Question 5

5 Basic substances of protoplasm:

• Have little structural function (glycocalyx of cell membrane) but provide most of the nutritional requirements of cell

Answer 5

Carbohydrates

Question 6

Collective term for different substances that make up a cell.

Answer 6

Protoplasm

Question 7

Give some examples of anabolism processes.

Answer 7

Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid synthesis in RER and SER

Question 8

Give the 4 anions.

Answer 8

1. Cl-
2. HCO3-
3. PO4-
4. SO4-

Question 9

Give the 2 forms of proteins and their definitions.

Answer 9

1. Structural protein - fibrillar forms
2. Globular - composed of individual protein molecules and are usually globular forms

Question 10

Parts of an animal cell:

• Protein tubules which reinforce cell shape by holding organelles in proper position and support the whole structure.

Answer 10

Cytoskeletions

Question 11

Parts of an animal cell:

• Both regarded as cytoplasmic vacuoles
• Contains hydrolase & oxidase, enzymes which bind to and destroy microorganisms and foreign agents during phagocytosis

Answer 11

Lysosome (suicidal bag) and peroxisome

Question 12

Parts of an animal cell:

RER is for the synthesis of ?

Answer 12

1. Protein

Question 13

Parts of an animal cell:

• Guides spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis

Answer 13

Centriole

Question 14

Parts of an animal cell:

• Functions is protein synthesis within the cell

Answer 14

Free ribosomes

Question 15

Parts of an animal cell:

• Contains gene/DNA

Answer 15

Chromosome/chromatin granule

Question 16

Parts of an animal cell:

• Contains RNA

Answer 16

Nucleolus

Question 17

Storage form of carbohydrate in liver; skeletal muscle (pancreas)

Answer 17

Glycogen

Question 18

5 Basic substances of protoplasm:

• Most abundant substance next to water
• Constitutes 10%-20%

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

Parts of an animal cell:

• Powerhouse
• Produces energy in the form of ATP
• 36 ATP per complete cycle

Answer 19

Mitochondrion

Question 20

Parts of an animal cell:

• Made up of lipid bilayer & glycocalyx
• Regulates influx & efflux of cytoplasmic substances

Answer 20

Cell membrane

Question 21

5 Basic substances of protoplasm:

• Most important of which are phospholipid and cholesterol
• Constitutes 2%
• Used to form cell membrane

Answer 21

Lipids

Question 22

Parts of an animal cell:

• Spheroidal body within a cell

Answer 22

Nucleus

Question 23

Parts of an animal cell:

SER is for the syntheses of ?

Answer 23

1. Lipid
2. Steroid
3. Carbohydrate

Question 24

Storage form of lipid in fat cells

Answer 24

Triglycerides/neutral fats

Question 25

Give some example of catabolism processes.

Answer 25

* Glycolysis/Glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle to produce glucose upon action of glucagon

Question 26

The basic structural and functional unit of life capable of performing series of physical and chemical processes necessary for their survival - metabolism.

Answer 26

Cell

Question 27

5 Basic substances of protoplasm: * Principal fluid medium * Constitutes 70% - 85% (3/4) of cell mass

Answer 27

Water/H2O

Question 28

Parts of an animal cell: * Porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm contents (fluid component)

Answer 28

Nuclear envelope