INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY

Question 1

What are the components of Triad of Disease/Ivan’s Multifactorial Causation of Disease? Give their corresponding role.

Answer 1

1. Agent - true cause of the disease
2. Host - manifests the disease
3. Environment - all external factors that contribute to occurrence of disease

Question 2

Give some examples of predisposing external factors of disease?

Answer 2

1. Soil
2. Water
3. Air
4. Sunlight
5. Weather, season, climate
6. Method of Husbandry

Question 3

Subbranch of pathology that deals with disease evaluation through diagnostic & laboratory tests

Answer 3

Clinical and diagnostic pathology

Question 4

Type of disease manifestation having overt or apparent signs; e.g. aggression and restlessness

Answer 4

Clinical disease

Question 5

He is the father of humoral pathology and medicine.

Answer 5

Hippocrates

Question 6

Type of diagnosis that refers to naming of exact disease based on morphologic, etiologic, and clinical diagnosis.

Answer 6

Definitive diagnosis

Question 7

Pertains to any cause of disease that may refer to physical/trauma, chemical agents, lower forms of parasitic plants, and lower forms of parasitic animals.

Answer 7

Etiology

Question 8

He has significant contribution in pathological anatomy and compiled the “Seats and Causes of Diseases”.

Answer 8

Giovanni Morgagni

Question 9

What are the 4 humors postulated by Hippocrates?

Answer 9

1. Blood
2. Phlegm
3. Black bile
4. Yellow bile

Question 10

The process of disease development which includes the complete series of pathological changes from the time of entry of the etiologic agent into host up to clinical manifestation of disease up to progression of termination.

Answer 10

Pathogenesis

Question 11

The state of ill health or opposite of health caused by morphological, functional, and biochemical alterations in cells, tissues, & organs that underlie the tissue.

Answer 11

Disease

Question 12

What is the difference between chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis?

Answer 12

Chemotherapy: already has a disease/medication
Chemoprophylaxis - prevetion/pre-disease

Question 13

He is the father of histopathology.

Answer 13

Marcello Malpighi

Question 14

Give the 6 portals of entry of infectious agents and their corresponding target.

Answer 14

1. Intraconjuctival/Intraocular - eye
2. Intranasal - nose
3. Percutaneous - intact skin; e.g. Analostoma brazielense and caninum, Ascaris lumbricoides infection
4. Oral - mouth
5. Venereal/Sexual contact - sex organs
6. Inoculative - insect bites; e.g. Ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, arachnid bites

Question 15

The differential diagnosis for Turkey egg kidney includes what diseases?

Answer 15

1. Salmonellosis
2. Streptococcosis
3. Erysipelas
4. ASF

Question 16

He discovered the process of blood circulation in 1638 and is titled as the father of physiology.

Answer 16

William Harvey

Question 17

The turkey egg kidney is pathognomonic to what disease?

Answer 17

Classical swine fever or hog cholera

Question 18

Early concepts on cause of disease: Describes contagiousness; infectious diseases are caused by infectious agents.

Answer 18

Contagion Theory

Question 19

Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases associated with nutrient excess or deficiencies

Answer 19

Nutritional pathology

Question 20

Disease of unknown causation

Answer 20

Idiopathic

Question 21

Technical term for disease prevention and control

Answer 21

Prophylaxis

Question 22

Among the early concept on cause of disease, which is most acceptable?

Answer 22

Contagion Theory

Question 23

What is levamisole?

Answer 23

Anthelmintic with immunostimulant properties

Question 24

Naming of the disease of the patient

Answer 24

Diagnosis

Question 25

What are the 2 types of treatment?

Answer 25

1. Drugs/chemotherapeuthic agent 2. Surgical intervetion/surgery

Question 26

Subjective functional abnormalities perceived by the patients

Answer 26

Symptoms

Question 27

What are the 6 ways to promote maintenance of health and disease prevention?

Answer 27

1. Proper management of herd or flock 2. Immunostimulation - proper diet, exercise, vitamins and minerals supplementation 3. Avoidance of stress factor and overcrowding 4. Control of vectors and destruction of their breeding places 5. Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis 6. Avoidance of contact or exposure with agents of diseases

Question 28

The maintenance of normal state/equilibrium in the body.

Answer 28

Homeostasis

Question 29

Early concepts on cause of disease: States that diseases are punishments of God.

Answer 29

Divine Wrath Theory

Question 30

He is the father of immunology and developed vaccine for smallpox.

Answer 30

Edward Jenner

Question 31

The possible outcome of the disease

Answer 31

Prognosis

Question 32

The state of normal function of all body structures.

Answer 32

Health

Question 33

Examination of tissue section from living or diseased animals or humans

Answer 33

Biopsy

Question 34

Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases at cellular & tissue levels; histopathology

Answer 34

General pathology

Question 35

Type of diagnosis based on the specific cause of the disease

Answer 35

Etiologic diagnosis

Question 36

The book that is published by Rudolf Virchow

Answer 36

Doctrine on Continuity of Cellular Life

Question 37

What are the lower forms of parasitic animals?

Answer 37

1. Arachnids 2. Insects 3. Worms 4. Protozoans

Question 38

What are the lower forms of parasitic plants?

Answer 38

1. Bacteria 2. Algae 3. Fungi

Question 39

What are the possible result or termination of disease?

Answer 39

1. Full recovery 2. Partial recovery 3. Death

Question 40

What is the meaning of "path/pathos"?

Answer 40

Suffering

Question 41

He authored the process of phagocytosis.

Answer 41

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 42

Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases at organs and organ system levels

Answer 42

Systemic/special pathology

Question 43

Early concepts on cause of disease: Based on position of stars, moon, earth, sun in the universe.

Answer 43

Metaphysical medicine/Miasmatic Theory

Question 44

Give some examples of predisposing internal factors of disease?

Answer 44

1. Species of animal 2. Coat color 3. Sex 4. Heredity 5. Breed 6. Conformation

Question 45

What are the 4 elements of life?

Answer 45

1. Water 2. Fire 3. Air 4. Earth

Question 46

Lesions can lead to functional abnormalities. True or False?

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is the causative agent for CSF or hog cholera?

Answer 47

Pestivirus

Question 48

Refers to patient care & management to combat the disease or infection

Answer 48

Treatment

Question 49

Condition in rabbits fed with high levels of carrots

Answer 49

Hypervitaminosis A

Question 50

Functional abnormalities observed by diagnosticians in patients

Answer 50

Clinical signs

Question 51

Early concepts on cause of disease: Based on the 4 elements of life and 4 humors of the body

Answer 51

Universe of Natural Law

Question 52

Domain of pathology that has an emphasis on animals

Answer 52

Veterinary pathology

Question 53

Type of diagnosis based on the apparent signs & symptoms

Answer 53

Clinical diagnosis

Question 54

Lesions should be well-define and circumscribed. True or False?

Answer 54

True

Question 55

The involuntary twitching of muscles in canine distemper

Answer 55

Chorea or myoclonus

Question 56

He is the father of modern and cellular pathology.

Answer 56

Rudolf Virchow

Question 57

Early concepts on cause of disease: States that diseases are due to evil spirits.

Answer 57

Demon Theory

Question 58

He is the father of modern histology and demonstrated the behavior of tissues on chemicals.

Answer 58

Marie Francois Xavier Bichat

Question 59

Type of disease manifestation having covert or no apparent signs; e.g. mild intestinal parasitism in puppies or kittens

Answer 59

Subclinical disease

Question 60

A branch of natural science which deals with diseases at biochemical, cellular, tissue, and organ levels.

Answer 60

Pathology

Question 61

Who added the 5th cardinal sign "loss of function"?

Answer 61

Rudolf Virchow

Question 62

Postmortem examination of human body

Answer 62

Autopsy

Question 63

The mode of transmission of the disease pertaining to a "lateral transmission"; between animals

Answer 63

Horizontal

Question 64

What is the meaning of "logos"?

Answer 64

To study

Question 65

What is the difference between infectious diseases and contagious diseases?

Answer 65

Infectious: no direct contact Contagious: direct contact involved

Question 66

Give the 4 types of horizontal transmission.

Answer 66

1. Direct/Sexual 2. Indirect contact 3. Ingestion 4. Inhalation

Question 67

He authored the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Answer 67

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Question 68

The disease wherein hyperkeratosis of planum nasale and footpad occurs

Answer 68

Hard pad disease or Canine distemper

Question 69

The mode of transmission of the disease pertaining to mother to offspring; e.g. salmonellosis in chickens

Answer 69

Vertical

Question 70

He laid procedures in necropsy techniques.

Answer 70

Carl Rokitansky

Question 71

Lesions, signs, or symptoms distinctive or suggestive of a particular disease

Answer 71

Pathognomonic

Question 72

What are the 2 predisposing factors of disease?

Answer 72

1. Extrinsic/environmental factor 2. Intrinsic/internal factor

Question 73

Postmortem examination of animal body

Answer 73

Necropsy

Question 74

Give the 4 types of vertical transmission.

Answer 74

1. Congenital 2. Transplacental 3. Transcolostral 4. Transmammary

Question 75

They postulated the cellular theory of life.

Answer 75

Theodore Schwann (z) and Matthias Schleiden (b)

Question 76

Refers to any morphological abnormalities in tissues or organs (macroscopic/microsopic)

Answer 76

Lesions (Lx)

Question 77

Type of diagnosis based on the presence of characteristic lesion

Answer 77

Morphologic diagnosis