INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY Flashcards
What are the components of Triad of Disease/Ivan’s Multifactorial Causation of Disease? Give their corresponding role.
- Agent - true cause of the disease
- Host - manifests the disease
- Environment - all external factors that contribute to occurrence of disease
Give some examples of predisposing external factors of disease?
- Soil
- Water
- Air
- Sunlight
- Weather, season, climate
- Method of Husbandry
Subbranch of pathology that deals with disease evaluation through diagnostic & laboratory tests
Clinical and diagnostic pathology
Type of disease manifestation having overt or apparent signs; e.g. aggression and restlessness
Clinical disease
He is the father of humoral pathology and medicine.
Hippocrates
Type of diagnosis that refers to naming of exact disease based on morphologic, etiologic, and clinical diagnosis.
Definitive diagnosis
Pertains to any cause of disease that may refer to physical/trauma, chemical agents, lower forms of parasitic plants, and lower forms of parasitic animals.
Etiology
He has significant contribution in pathological anatomy and compiled the “Seats and Causes of Diseases”.
Giovanni Morgagni
What are the 4 humors postulated by Hippocrates?
- Blood
- Phlegm
- Black bile
- Yellow bile
The process of disease development which includes the complete series of pathological changes from the time of entry of the etiologic agent into host up to clinical manifestation of disease up to progression of termination.
Pathogenesis
The state of ill health or opposite of health caused by morphological, functional, and biochemical alterations in cells, tissues, & organs that underlie the tissue.
Disease
What is the difference between chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis?
Chemotherapy: already has a disease/medication
Chemoprophylaxis - prevetion/pre-disease
He is the father of histopathology.
Marcello Malpighi
Give the 6 portals of entry of infectious agents and their corresponding target.
- Intraconjuctival/Intraocular - eye
- Intranasal - nose
- Percutaneous - intact skin; e.g. Analostoma brazielense and caninum, Ascaris lumbricoides infection
- Oral - mouth
- Venereal/Sexual contact - sex organs
- Inoculative - insect bites; e.g. Ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, arachnid bites
The differential diagnosis for Turkey egg kidney includes what diseases?
- Salmonellosis
- Streptococcosis
- Erysipelas
- ASF
He discovered the process of blood circulation in 1638 and is titled as the father of physiology.
William Harvey
The turkey egg kidney is pathognomonic to what disease?
Classical swine fever or hog cholera
Early concepts on cause of disease: Describes contagiousness; infectious diseases are caused by infectious agents.
Contagion Theory
Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases associated with nutrient excess or deficiencies
Nutritional pathology
Disease of unknown causation
Idiopathic
Technical term for disease prevention and control
Prophylaxis
Among the early concept on cause of disease, which is most acceptable?
Contagion Theory
What is levamisole?
Anthelmintic with immunostimulant properties
Naming of the disease of the patient
Diagnosis
What are the 2 types of treatment?
- Drugs/chemotherapeuthic agent
- Surgical intervetion/surgery
Subjective functional abnormalities perceived by the patients
Symptoms
What are the 6 ways to promote maintenance of health and disease prevention?
- Proper management of herd or flock
- Immunostimulation - proper diet, exercise, vitamins and minerals supplementation
- Avoidance of stress factor and overcrowding
- Control of vectors and destruction of their breeding places
- Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis
- Avoidance of contact or exposure with agents of diseases
The maintenance of normal state/equilibrium in the body.
Homeostasis
Early concepts on cause of disease: States that diseases are punishments of God.
Divine Wrath Theory
He is the father of immunology and developed vaccine for smallpox.
Edward Jenner
The possible outcome of the disease
Prognosis
The state of normal function of all body structures.
Health
Examination of tissue section from living or diseased animals or humans
Biopsy
Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases at cellular & tissue levels; histopathology
General pathology
Type of diagnosis based on the specific cause of the disease
Etiologic diagnosis
The book that is published by Rudolf Virchow
Doctrine on Continuity of Cellular Life
What are the lower forms of parasitic animals?
- Arachnids
- Insects
- Worms
- Protozoans
What are the lower forms of parasitic plants?
- Bacteria
- Algae
- Fungi
What are the possible result or termination of disease?
- Full recovery
- Partial recovery
- Death
What is the meaning of “path/pathos”?
Suffering
He authored the process of phagocytosis.
Elie Metchnikoff
Subbranch of pathology that deals with diseases at organs and organ system levels
Systemic/special pathology
Early concepts on cause of disease: Based on position of stars, moon, earth, sun in the universe.
Metaphysical medicine/Miasmatic Theory
Give some examples of predisposing internal factors of disease?
- Species of animal
- Coat color
- Sex
- Heredity
- Breed
- Conformation
What are the 4 elements of life?
- Water
- Fire
- Air
- Earth
Lesions can lead to functional abnormalities. True or False?
True
What is the causative agent for CSF or hog cholera?
Pestivirus
Refers to patient care & management to combat the disease or infection
Treatment
Condition in rabbits fed with high levels of carrots
Hypervitaminosis A
Functional abnormalities observed by diagnosticians in patients
Clinical signs
Early concepts on cause of disease: Based on the 4 elements of life and 4 humors of the body
Universe of Natural Law
Domain of pathology that has an emphasis on animals
Veterinary pathology
Type of diagnosis based on the apparent signs & symptoms
Clinical diagnosis
Lesions should be well-define and circumscribed. True or False?
True
The involuntary twitching of muscles in canine distemper
Chorea or myoclonus
He is the father of modern and cellular pathology.
Rudolf Virchow
Early concepts on cause of disease: States that diseases are due to evil spirits.
Demon Theory
He is the father of modern histology and demonstrated the behavior of tissues on chemicals.
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat
Type of disease manifestation having covert or no apparent signs; e.g. mild intestinal parasitism in puppies or kittens
Subclinical disease
A branch of natural science which deals with diseases at biochemical, cellular, tissue, and organ levels.
Pathology
Who added the 5th cardinal sign “loss of function”?
Rudolf Virchow
Postmortem examination of human body
Autopsy
The mode of transmission of the disease pertaining to a “lateral transmission”; between animals
Horizontal
What is the meaning of “logos”?
To study
What is the difference between infectious diseases and contagious diseases?
Infectious: no direct contact
Contagious: direct contact involved
Give the 4 types of horizontal transmission.
- Direct/Sexual
- Indirect contact
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
He authored the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
The disease wherein hyperkeratosis of planum nasale and footpad occurs
Hard pad disease or Canine distemper
The mode of transmission of the disease pertaining to mother to offspring; e.g. salmonellosis in chickens
Vertical
He laid procedures in necropsy techniques.
Carl Rokitansky
Lesions, signs, or symptoms distinctive or suggestive of a particular disease
Pathognomonic
What are the 2 predisposing factors of disease?
- Extrinsic/environmental factor
- Intrinsic/internal factor
Postmortem examination of animal body
Necropsy
Give the 4 types of vertical transmission.
- Congenital
- Transplacental
- Transcolostral
- Transmammary
They postulated the cellular theory of life.
Theodore Schwann (z) and Matthias Schleiden (b)
Refers to any morphological abnormalities in tissues or organs (macroscopic/microsopic)
Lesions (Lx)
Type of diagnosis based on the presence of characteristic lesion
Morphologic diagnosis
