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Jack Misc List > Pathognomonics > Flashcards

Pathognomonics Flashcards

1
Q

Short history of polydipsia, polyuria

A

T1DM

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2
Q

Breath smell of pears

A

DKA

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3
Q

Slower history of polydipsia, polyuria

A

T2DM

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4
Q

Triad of:

  1. Exophthalmos
  2. Acropachy (soft tissue swelling/clubbing)
  3. Pretibial myxoedema
A

Graves’ (hyperthyroidism)

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5
Q

Characterstic goitre and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s (hypothyroidism)

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6
Q

Purple abdominal striae, central obesity, round face

A

Cushing’s sydrome/disease (pituitary tumour)

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7
Q

Big hands, rings no longer fit

A

Acromegaly

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8
Q

Amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia

A

Prolactinoma

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9
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

High aldosterone renin ratio

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10
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

Addison’s disease

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11
Q

Symptoms of addison’s but no hyperpigmentation

A

Secondary renal insufficiency

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12
Q

Water deprivation (cant concentrate urine) and ADH suppression test (cant concentrate urine)

A

Nephrogenic DI

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13
Q

Water deprivation (cant concentrate urine) and ADH suppression test (can concentrate urine)

A

Cranial DI

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14
Q

Euvolaemic, hypotonic hyponatraemia

A

SIADH

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15
Q

Everything speeds up,: cramping, over-contraction leads to weakness/flaccid paralysis, arrhythmias and arrest.

Give insulin

A

Hyperkalaemia (>5.5mmol/L)

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16
Q

Everything slows down: constipation, weakness/cramps and arrhythmias and palpitations

A

Hypokalaemia (<3.5mmol/L)

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17
Q

Weak bones, renal stones, groans and psychic moans

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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18
Q

Numb, convulsions, Chevostek’s sign (spasm) and prolonged QT

A

Hypocalcaemia

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19
Q

Soft bones, kidney stones, CHIMPANZEE

A

Hypercalcaemia

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20
Q

Hyposmia/anosmia (cannot smell)

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropgic hypogonatropsim)

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21
Q

ST elevation on ECG near blood vessel occludes, elevated troponins

A

STEMI

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22
Q

non ST elevation on ECG, elevated troponins

A

NSTEMI

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23
Q

normal ECG, normal troponins, constant pain

A

Unstable angina

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24
Q

normal ECG, normal troponins, pain on exertion.

A

Stable angina

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25
Q

6P’s - pain, paraesthesia, pulselessness, pallor, paralysis, perishingly cold.

Intermittent claudication

A

PVD

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26
Q

Mid-diastolic, low pitched rumbling murmur

A

MS

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27
Q

Second most common valve defect

Pansystolic murmur (murmur throughout systole)

A

MR

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28
Q

Most common valve defect

Disease of elderly. Ejection systole murmur (crescendo-descrescendo pattern)

A

AS

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29
Q

Early diastolic, soft rumbling murmur

A

AR

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30
Q

Main cause of sudden cardiac death (young footballers)

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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31
Q

Structural heart defect with scar tissue

A

Restricted cardiomyopathy

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32
Q

Peripheral oedema, SOB, fatigue.

High BNP

A

Heart failure

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33
Q

Triad of epigastric pain radiating to the back, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypovolaemic shock

A

AAA

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34
Q

Abrupt onset of severe tearing central chest pain radiating through to the back

A

Aortic disection

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35
Q

ECG stuff:

Tall, pointed P waves

A

Right atrial enlargement

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36
Q

ECG stuff:

Notched, m shaped P waves

A

Left atrial enlargement

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37
Q

ECG stuff:

Irregular irregular rhythm, abnormal spacing between QRS’s

A

Atrial fibrillation

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38
Q

ECG stuff:

Saw-tooth pattern (F waves)

A

Atrial flutter

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39
Q

ECG stuff:

Long PR interval

A

First degree heart block (or bradycardia)

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40
Q

ECG stuff:

Progressive lengthen of PR interval, then miss a QRS then repeats

A

Second degree (Mobitz 1) heart block

Also called Wenckebach

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41
Q

ECG stuff:

A set amount of P waves to QRS (2:1, 3:1 or 4:1 etc.)

A

Second degree (Mobitz 2) heart block

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42
Q

ECG stuff:

Complete, P waves and QRS at different waves

A

Third degree heart block

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43
Q

ECG stuff:

QRS looks nice but fast.

A

Ventricular tachycardia

Very Tidy, Very Funny

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44
Q

ECG stuff:

All higgledy piggle

A

Ventricular fibrillation

Very Tidy, Very Funny

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45
Q

ECG stuff:

QT is greatly increased

A

Long QT syndrome (long time for ventricular repolarisation)

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46
Q

ECG stuff:

Pre-excitation to QRS (delta wave)

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

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47
Q

ECG stuff

W shape in QRS in V1
M shape in QRS in V5/V6

A

LBBB

WILLIAM

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48
Q

ECG stuff:

M shape QRS in V1
W shaped QRS in V5/V6

A

RBBB

MARROW

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49
Q

Worse when lying flat, the patient may walk when bending forwards.

Diffuse (in all leads) Saddle shaped ST elevation

A

Pericarditis

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50
Q

Fever, new murmur

Skin signs are splinter haemorrhages, Janeway lesions and Osler nodes

A

Infective endocarditis

If staph, give vancomycin.
If MRSA then add Rifampicin

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51
Q

Rouleaux formation on blood film and CRAB (hypercalcaemia, renal disease, anaemia, bone disease)

A

Myeloma

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52
Q

Auer rods

A

AML

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53
Q

Most common paediatric cancer

A

ALL

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54
Q

Philadelphia gene, rare

A

CML

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55
Q

Most common leukaemia in adults mainly

A

CLL

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56
Q

G6PD

A

Bite cells

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57
Q

Reed-sternberg cells, ABVD treatment

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

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58
Q

no Reed-sternberg cells, CHOPR treatment

A

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

59
Q

Main cause is iron deficiency

Main macrocytic anaemia

A

Anaemia

60
Q

Microcytic anaemia causes

A

Iron deficiency, Thalassaemiam anaemia of chronic disease

61
Q

Normocytic anaemia causes

A

Haemolytic, blood loss, CKD

62
Q

Macrocytic anaemia causes

A

Folate or B12 deficiency

63
Q

Fatigue, dyspnoea, headache, palpitations, tachycardia, pallor (best noted in conjunctiva)

A

General symptoms of anaemia

64
Q

Yellow skin, delusions, angular stomatitis

A

Pernicious anaemia

65
Q

Unilateral oedema, redness, hot

A

DVT, first line LWMH

66
Q

Signs of DVT with SOB

A

PE

67
Q

hypovolaemia, Hyperviscosity (headache, vertigo, tinnitus, visual disturbance, angina, intermittent claudication)

A

Polycythaemia

68
Q

Platelet style bleeding (mucocutaneous bleeding) – GI bleeding and menorrhagia

A

vWF

69
Q

Bleeding, mainly into joints (haemarthrosis)

A

Haemophilia

70
Q

Increased bleeding and clots, can lead to delirium and coma

A

DIC

71
Q

Neurological symptoms (coma, seizures, focal abnormalities), bleeding symptoms (purpura, ecchymosis, menorrhagia)

MAHA (fragmented erythrocytes) on blood film

A

TTP

Too much vWF as ADAMTS13 mutation which cleaves vWF

72
Q

Bleeding symptoms (easy bruising, epistaxis, petechiae, purpura) with no neurological symptoms

A

ITP

Autoimmune destruction of platelets

73
Q

Severe anaemia beginning 6-12months life

A

beta thalassaemia major

when HbF decreases

74
Q

Monocytosis

Confirmed with thick and thin blood smears

A

Malaria

75
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Parasite is main cause

76
Q

Spider naevi

A

Liver cirrhosis

77
Q

gGT is very raised

A

ALD or acute liver injury due to alcohol

78
Q

Shifting dullness when percussion

A

Ascites

79
Q

Ascites and oesophageal varices

A

Indicative of portal HTN

80
Q

Melaena (black poo)

A

Oesophageal varcies

81
Q

Acquired by mouth from anus, always acute and appears once

A

Hepatitis A

82
Q

Even in England and can be Eaten (pigs)

A

Hepatitis E

83
Q

Blood borne and if not beaten then Bad

A

Hepatitis B

84
Q

D (with B) is Dastardly

A

Hepatitis D

85
Q

Usually chronic but can be cured at a cost

A

Hepatitis C

86
Q

1/3 of Charcot’s triad:

RUQ pain

A

Biliary colic

87
Q

2/3 of Charcot’s triad

RUQ pain and fever/leucocytosis

A

Cholecystitis

88
Q

3/3 of Charcot’s triad:

RUQ pain, fever/leucocytosis and jaundice

A

Cholangitis

89
Q

Severe epigastric pain radiating to hte back

A

Pancreatitis or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

90
Q

Severe epigastric pain radiating to hte back

Serum lipase raised

A

Pancreatitis

91
Q

Slate grey skin

A

Haemochromatosis

92
Q

Kayser-Fleischer ring (brown ring around cornea)

A

Wilson’s disease

93
Q

COPD and liver problems

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

94
Q

Rebound tenderness on the abdomen

A

Peritonitis

Usually caused by E.coli

95
Q

The hernia which is more likely needing surgery

A

Femoral hernia is more likely to be strangulated than inguinal.

96
Q

Blood marker is increased AFP with other cancer symptoms

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

97
Q

Jaundice, weight loss with other cancer symptoms

A

Cancer of the head of the pancreas (blocking bile duct)

98
Q

Coughing causing moderate amount of haematemesis (blood is bight red)

A

Mallory-Weiss tear

blood is bright red, different to oesophgeal varices where blood is brown/clumpy/not fresh

99
Q

Patchy inflammation, anywhere along the bowel and any layer of the bowel wall (transmural)

A

CD

100
Q

Continuous inflammation of mucosa only in the colon. Manage with aminosalicylates (sulfasalazine).

A

UC

101
Q

ABC:
Abdo pain/discomfort
Bloating
Change in bowel habit

A

IBS

102
Q

Villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia

Angular stomatitis

A

Coeliac disease

103
Q

Heart burn, symptoms worse when lying down (nocturnal asthma)

A

GORD

104
Q

Middle aged, caucasian male with long history of GORD and dysphagia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

105
Q

Weight loss of cachexia

A

Generally, think of cancer

106
Q

Progressive dysphagia, cant swallow solids then cannot swallow liquids.

A

Oesophageal cancer

107
Q

Progressive dysphagia with GORD symptoms

A

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (lower third)

108
Q

Progressive dysphagia with no GORD and drinking hot tea/Japan

A

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (upper third)

109
Q

A GI cancer where
Type 1 glandular
Type 2 undifferentiated

Late presentation, dysphagia, reflux, abdo pain

A

Gastric cancer

110
Q

Bloody poop, symptoms of obstruction (altered bowel habit, colicky abdo pain)

A

Colorectal cancer

111
Q

Epigastric pain worse on eating

A

Gastric ulcer

112
Q

Duodenal pain relieved by eating

A

Duodenal ulcer

113
Q

Early pain/discomfort around umbilicus that migrates to the right iliac fossa

A

Appendicitis

114
Q

Cannot keep food down (vomiting)

A

Small bowel obstruction (60% are adhesions)

60-75% of bowel obstructions are SBO

115
Q

Constant bum pain, constipation

A

Large bowel obstruction (90% are Colorectal/large bowel malignancy), 10% are volvulus.

116
Q

Tender LIF, inflammation/signs of infection (fever)

A

Diverticulitis

117
Q

Symptoms of abdominal pain, dyspepsia and anaemia

A

Gastritis (pernicious anaemia)

118
Q

Most common causes of diarrhoea

  1. Bacteria.
  2. viral
  3. Parasites
A
  1. campylobacter jejuni
  2. Norovirus (rota in children)
  3. Giardia lambia
119
Q

Diarrhoea in hospital and patient is on antibiotics

A

C.diff infection

120
Q

AF with severe abdo pain. Almost always affects small bowel

A

Acute mesenteric ischaemia

121
Q

Sudden onset of LIF pain, signs of hypovolaemic shock

A

Ischaemic colitis

122
Q

Heberden’s (DIP) and Bouchard’s (PIP) nodes. 4 characteristic X-ray changes.

A

OA

123
Q

High anti-CCP in serum. Young females joints most commonly affected

A

RA

124
Q

Negatively birefringent and needle-like crystals on joint aspirate

Man with red, swollen, painful big toe

A

Gout

125
Q

Positive birefringent and rhomboid like crystals on joint aspirate

Elderly women with swollen knee

A

Pseudogout

126
Q

X-ray showing sacroilitis and bamboo spine/syndesmophytes

A

AS

127
Q

Swelling of PIPs and dactylitis. Pencil-in-cup erosion.

A

PA (may see signs of psoriasis on skin)

128
Q

Previous infection of either enteritis (salm, shig), urethritis (chlam).

Acute, asymmetrical lower limb joints affect.

A

Reactive arthritis

129
Q

Acute onset of hot, red, swollen joint. Medical emergency

A

Septic arthritis

130
Q

Swelling, extreme tendernous over local site. Non-healing ulcer and draining sinus tracts

A

Osteomyelitis

Only draining sinus tracts in chronic due to perforating sequestrae and involucrum

131
Q

cancer like symptoms (wt loss, fever, tiredness and night sweats) with butterfly rash. Anti dsDNA

A

SLE

132
Q

unexplained pregnancy loss

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

133
Q

CREST (Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Oesophageal reflux, sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia)

A

Systemic sclerosis/scleroderma

134
Q

Schirmer’s test, anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies. Dry mucous membranes

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

135
Q

tall, long limbs, long fingers, hypermobility, pectus excavatum

A

Marfan syndrome

136
Q

Joint hypermobility, easily stretched skin, easy bruising, use Beighton score to assess hypermobility.

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

137
Q

Chronic pain, fatigue, pain morning stiffness, functional disease

A

Fibromyalgia

138
Q

Cancer like symptoms – malaise, fatigue, wt loss, low grade fever

Pain on the scalp and jaw claudication (headache).

A

GCA

139
Q

Strawberry tongue, erythema and desquamation of palms and soles

A

Kawasaki disease

medium vasculitis

140
Q

DEXA scan

A

Osteoporosis

141
Q

Waddling gait, can’t get out of chair. Widespread bone pain (dull ache)

A

Osteomalacia

142
Q

Knock knees, or bowed legs

A

Ricket’s

143
Q

Tendency for axial skeleton affected, bone pain, deformity, fractures. High increased alkaline phosphatase.

A

Paget’s disease

Jack Misc List (9 decks)

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