pathogens and barriers to pathogens

Question 1

antigen

Answer 1

substance that triggers an immune response

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

A disease causing agent

Question 3

what is the difference between an antigen and a pathogen?

Answer 3

An antigen is a substance that triggers the production of antibodies. Pathogens are harmful microorganisms that can cause diseases.

Question 4

disease

Answer 4

a change that impairs the function of an individual

Question 5

cellular pathogen

Answer 5

bacteria, protozoans, and multi-cellular pathogens

Question 6

non-cellular pathogen

Answer 6

viruses, prions

Question 7

First line of defense

Answer 7

Acts to prevent the entry of pathogens. Occurs at the exterior surfaces of organisms

Question 8

physical barriers in animals

Answer 8

intact skin, mucus, cilia

Question 9

microbiota barriers in animals

Answer 9

natural flora

Question 10

Chemical barriers in animals

Answer 10

lysozymes in tears and saliva, glands in the skin, stomach pH levels

Question 11

physical barriers in plants

Answer 11

hairs on the surface of leaves and stems, a waxy cuticle

Question 12

chemical barriers in plants

Answer 12

caffeine, tannins, small peptides called defensins

Question 13

cilia

Answer 13

short, hair-like projections used for movement of pathogens

Question 14

natural flora

Answer 14

out-compete invading organisms

Question 15

lysozymes

Answer 15

enzymes that cause bacteria to lyse or bust

Question 16

glands in the skin

Answer 16

secrete fatty acids and sweat containing salt, these inhibit bacteria

Question 17

stomach pH levels

Answer 17

kills many bacteria

Question 18

hairs on the surface of leaves and stems

Answer 18

stop insect vectors from coming in contact with the plants tissue

Question 19

waxy cuticle

Answer 19

provides a barrier to the entry of pathogens

Question 20

gall formation

Answer 20

traps the pathogen

Question 21

caffeine

Answer 21

Kills insects and fungi

Question 22

tannins

Answer 22

toxic to insects

Question 23

defensins

Answer 23

inhibit the growth of fungi

Question 24

non-self molecules and cells

Answer 24

bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, or ones own altered body cells. Should be eliminated by the immune system

Question 25

what happens in non-self molecules aren’t eliminated?

Answer 25

Infectious pathogens can become established on or in body cells, causing disease

Question 26

self cells and molecules

Answer 26

ones own body cells, Should not be eliminated by the immune system

Question 27

what happens if self cells are eliminated

Answer 27

the damage produces an autoimmune disease