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Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which one is the more virulent ?

S. pneumonia or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

A

S. pneumonia

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2
Q

Virulence is determined by 2 principal features

A

1- invasiveness

2- Toxigenicity

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms capable of causing disease (damage to the host)

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4
Q

Does all strain of a specie have the same virulence properties?

A

No

Not all strains of a specie have the same ability to cause disease

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5
Q

True or false:

A pathogen is usually identified by the set of chromosomes that are carried and expressed?

A

False

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6
Q

True or false:

A pathogen is usually identified by the set of virulence genes that are carried and expressed?

A

true

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7
Q

Steps of infection

A

1- exposure
2- attachment-adhesion
3- invasion of tissues
4- Grow

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8
Q

Describe virulence:

A

Measure of the ability to cause damage to the host, depends on a number of virulence factors

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9
Q

invasiveness tools:

A 
Adhesins
capsules
enzymes that destroy host tissues
invasins
T3SS T4SS
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10
Q

Are capsules only produces by bacterial pathogens?

A

No

The capsule is not only a virulence factor (non pathogenic microorganisms may have a capsule too)

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11
Q

What is invasion?

A

Destruction of host tissues

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12
Q

Gas gangrene : 3 extracellular enzymes

A

1- lecithinase to lyse host cell
2- Collagenase
and 3- hyaluronidase to destroy ECM
(both collagenase and hyaluronidase destroy ECM)

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13
Q

Hemolysin : some are cytolysin (do what)

and some are enzymes (lechithinase, phospholipase) (do what)

A

Cytolysin : pore forming
Lecithinase : degrade lecithin ( phosphatidylcholine) in cell membrane - cause the lysis of red blood cells and destroys tissues cell.

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14
Q

What is the major virulence factor of intracellular pathogens?

A

Invasins

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15
Q

T3ss also called…

A

injectosome

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16
Q

TXSS have a needle like structure

A

T3SS

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17
Q

Pneumonia : infection or intoxication

A

infection

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18
Q

Meningitis: infection or intoxication

A

infection

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19
Q

syphilis: infection or intoxication

A

infection

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20
Q

food poisonin: infection or intoxication

A

intoxication

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21
Q

AB toxin: Exotoxin or endotoxin

A

Exotoxin

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22
Q

extracellular enzymes (hyaluronidase, collagenase).. : Exotoxin or endotoxin

A

Exotoxin

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23
Q

A subunit?

A

Enzymatic subunit

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24
Q

B subunit?

A

Binding-cell entry

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25
Q

This subunit modifies a target inside the host cell leading to damage to the host

A

A

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26
Q

Botulinum toxin : Exotoxin or endotoxin

A

exotoxin

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27
Q

Cholera toxin: Exotoxin or endotoxin

A

exotoxin

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28
Q

What is botox used for? (3)

A
  • reduces wrinkles-frown
  • muscle spasms
  • Hyperhydrosis (excessive sweating)
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29
Q

AB toxin : Botulinum toxin

This neurotoxin blocks…

A

acetylcholine release in neurmuscular junction

= Flaccid paralysis

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30
Q

AB5 toxins : Cholera toxin

Subunit A : ??

A

Adenylate cyclase, produce cAMP

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31
Q

Endotoxin describe it (at least 3 characteristics)

A
  • Lipid A of LPS from Gram - bacterial pathogens. Released during multiplication or lysis of bacterial cells.
  • Heat stable
  • Weakly immunogenic (no antibody are produced against LPS).
  • Very effective activator of the immune system, produce general systemic effect: fever (pyrogenic), shock, weakness, inflammation, diarrhea, SEPTIC SHOCK
  • important cause of symptoms in all Gram-bacterial infections (Salmonella, E.coli).
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32
Q

Extremely potent, amongst the most lethal substances known

A

Exotoxins

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33
Q

How do you call a toxin that is inactivated by formaldehyde or heat

A

toxoid

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34
Q

True or false
Endotoxins cannot be activated by heat or formaldehyde and cannot be converted to a toxoid : no vaccine against endotoxins.

A

True

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35
Q

True or false

Exotoxins do not produce fever in host

A

true

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36
Q

True or false

Endotoxins do not produce fever in host

A

false

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37
Q

True or false

Mode of action of exotoxin: fever diarrhea vomiting

A

false

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38
Q

True or false

Mode of action of endotoxin : fever diarrhea vomiting

A

true

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39
Q

True or false

Exotoxin are highly immunogenic

A

true

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40
Q

True or false

Endotoxin are weakly toxic, rarely fatal

A

true

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41
Q

True or false

Exotoxins are heat-labile

A

true

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42
Q

True or false

Endotoxin are heat-labile

A

false

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43
Q

Innate defense are specific or not

A

non-specific

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44
Q

Adaptive defense are specific or not

A

yes specific.

based on antigens

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45
Q

Normal microbiome secrete…

A

bacteriocin

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46
Q

what are some antimicrobial substances: (4)

A

1- Fatty acids
2- lysozymes
3- antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
4- antibodies (if the host is immune)

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47
Q

innate defense of the skin?

A

Thick layer of dead cells

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48
Q

Innate defense of the mucous membrane?

A

mucous

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49
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells that take up and digest pathogens

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50
Q

inflamation is due to innate system or specific system against a host

A

innate system

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51
Q

What is the complement system?

A

set of proteins that creates pore in the pathogen membrane and induce lysis
(part of the second line of defenses)

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52
Q

Name all the proteins of the complement system

A 
C1 
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
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53
Q

What activate the classical pathway

A

antibodies

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54
Q

what activate the alternative pathway

A

microbial cell wall components (polysaccharides,lipopolysaccharides)

55
Q

What happen when the complement is activated?

A

formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC, made of proteins C5b6789)

56
Q

what happen when MAC is formed?

A

lysis of some Gram -, no effect on gram +

57
Q

What is serum sensitivity?

A

test sensitivity to complement by exposing pathogens to serum (blood without RBC)

58
Q

Name 2 cells made from Monocytes

A

Dendritic cell

Macrophage

59
Q

Name 3 White blood cells

A

1- Monocyte
2- Granulocyte
3- Lymphocyte

60
Q

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

1- Attachment of the organism to the membrane of the phagocyte
2- Ingestion : the organism become enclosed in a phagosome
3- A) Granules (endosomes, lysosomes) containing hydrolytic enzymes fuse with the phagosome, formation of the phagolysosomes.
B) Oxidative burst : production of reactive oxygen species ( ROS)
4. Killing and digestion of the microorganism

61
Q

Phagocytosis is carried primarily by 2 types of cells

A

Neutrophils (WBC) and macrophages (WBC)

62
Q

Characteristics of Inflammation, name a few

A
  • Redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
63
Q

What is the function of inflammation

A

bring immune cells, antibodies, complement subunits

64
Q

What does IL1 do

A

1- acts on the thermoregulatoy center of the brain
2- activates phagocytes and other cells of the immune system
3- make inflammation happen

65
Q

Name some innate defenses

A
  • complement
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
  • Inflammation
66
Q

leucocidin purpose

A

1kill white blood cell (leucocyte)

-pore forming toxin

67
Q

extracellular enzyme to invade?

A

collagenase

68
Q

purpose of T3SS

A
  • insert protein into the host
  • invasiveness
  • take control of the host cell
69
Q

whats in a lyzozome

A
  • hydrolytic enzymes

- antimicrobial peptides

70
Q

example of phagocyte

A
  • macrophages

- neutrophiles

71
Q

Mast cells are involved in

A

inflammation

72
Q

What are the proteins of the complement that forms the MAC complex

A

-C123456789
-c1t o c4 are important for activation of the complement
C5 to C9 forms the MAC complex

73
Q

2 ways to activate the complement

A

1- alternative pathway
LPS or surface proteins
2- classical pathway
by antibodies

74
Q

Phagocytosis steps (4)

A 
1- attachment
2- ingestion
3- formation of the phagolysosome 
Oxidative burst: ROS production
4- Killing and digestion of the microorganism
75
Q

Set of proteins of the innate system

A

complements

76
Q

Macrophage secretes

A

cytokine (hormone, signaling molecule) : interleukin-1

77
Q

Mast cells senses

A

pathogens

78
Q

Il-1 causes … to the blood vessel

A

vasodilatation

79
Q

what is pyogenic

A

fever

80
Q

What acts on the thermoregulatory center of the brain

A

Il-1

81
Q

Innate defenses (4)

A

1- complement
2- antimicrobial proteins
3- phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
4- Inflammation (and fever)

82
Q 
Adaptive defenses
What cells (3)
A

1- B cells
2- T cells
3- antigen presenting cells (APCs : macrophage, dendritic cells)

83
Q

Adaptive defense

3 characteristics

A

1- Specificity
2- Memory
3- Tolerance

84
Q

T cells and B cells recognize billions of antigens

What concept?

A

Specificity

85
Q

Making copies

What concept?

A

Memory

86
Q

immune cells recognize and react with individual molecules(antigens) via direct molecular interactions
what concept?

A

Specificity

87
Q

The immune response to a specific antigen is faster and stronger upon subsequent exposure because the initial antigen exposure induced growth and division of antigen-reactive cells, resulting in multiple copies of antigen-reactive cells.
What concept?

A

Memory

88
Q

2 types of T cells

A

T helper cells

Cytotoxic T cells

89
Q

MHC II expressed by (2)

A

APCs

B cells

90
Q

MHC 1 expressed by which cells?

A

All cells

91
Q

MHC1 recognized by

A

cytotoxic T cells

92
Q

MHCII recognized by

A

helper T cells

93
Q

macrophage has which MCH

A

MHCI and MHCII

94
Q

APCs present antigen to T cells

Activated T cell produce

A

Il2

95
Q

APCs include (3)

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
96
Q

Most important APCs for the process of presenting antigens to helper T cells (2)

A
  • macrophages

- dendritic cells

97
Q

Helper t cells activated do 2 things

A

clone (memory)

effector (join the fight)

98
Q

Cytokine secreted by

A

T H cell

99
Q

Perforin and granzyme are released by

A

T C cells

100
Q

MHC 1 is related to which cell

A

Cytotoxic T cells

101
Q

Activation of macrophages
When Th cell is activated,
it can activates macrophage by producing …

A

TNF-alpha

102
Q

What are called activated macrophages by TNF-alpha?

A

Angry killer cells

103
Q

picked up by phagocytosis

loaded by MHC..

A

MCH2

104
Q

If the antigen is present in the cytoplasm of the host cell, it can be loaded by MHC..

A

MHC1

105
Q

what is Fab

A

Antigen binding sites that are highly variable

106
Q

What does the Fc (constant region) activates?

A

Complement (classical pathway)

107
Q

B cells are phagocytic

display antobodies on its surface by MHC..

A

MHC 2

108
Q

processed on a phagosome MHC…

A

MHC2

109
Q

B cell multiplies and differentiates into (2)

A

Plasma cells

memory cells

110
Q

Activated T cell bind to the antigens

Helper T cell secretes

A

Il-4

clue for the b cell to get activated

111
Q

What is a clue for the b cell to get activated ?

A

Il-4

112
Q

When B cell is activated what does it do

A

makes clones of himself

clones= plasma cell or memory cell

113
Q

Plasma cell (short lifetime) secretes

A

antibodies

114
Q

A molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response is known as

A

Opsonin

115
Q

Antibody binds to

A

toxin

116
Q

What are hemolysins

A

some are enzyme (lecithinase, phospholipase)

some are cytolysin (pore-forming)

117
Q

Capsule is an essential virulence factor for 2 bacterial pathogens

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

118
Q

Lecithinase degrades lecithin(phosphatidylcholine)

cause the lysis of

A

red blood cells

and destroys tissue cells

119
Q

Leucocidin causes lysis of

A

leucocytes (white blood cells)

120
Q

Proteases degrade

A

complement proteins and or antibodies

121
Q

Which type of secretion system forms a channel through the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasm, the outer membrane, and the host cell membrane ?

A

T3SS

122
Q

___toxins are secreted into the surrounding as the bacterial pathogen grows

A

Exotoxin

123
Q

__toxins are part of the bacterial pathogen

A

Endotoxin

124
Q

I am among the most lethal substance known

A

Exotoxin

125
Q

High cAMP makes a change in the cell and it stops picking up…

A

Sodium

126
Q

Weakly immunogenic, Exo or Endo?

A

Endotoxins

127
Q

Vaccines are against Exo or Endo?

A

Exotoxins

128
Q

inactivated toxin is aka

A

toxoids

129
Q

AMPs make ____ pores in the bacterial membrane

A

Pores

130
Q

What is inflammation?

A

general nonspecific response of the innate system to toxins, pathogens and tissue damage

131
Q

Complement system complement the action of

A

antibodies

132
Q

What is the precursor of T and B cells

A

Lymphoid precursor

133
Q

Name 3 WBC

A

Monocytes
granulocytes
lymphocytes

134
Q

Name 2 T cells

A

T helper cells

cytotoxic T cells

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