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Liz's Parasitology Course > Pathogenic Protozoa: Blood and Tissue Parasites > Flashcards

Pathogenic Protozoa: Blood and Tissue Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Four pathogenic amoebae

A
  • Acanthamoeba spp
  • Balamuthia mandrillaris
  • Naegieria flowleri
  • Sapphinia diploidea
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2
Q

List one pathogenic flagellates

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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3
Q

List three pathogenic Apicomplexa

A
  • Babesia spp
  • Plasmodium spp
  • Toxoplasma gondii
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4
Q

List two pathogenic trypanosomatids

A
  • Leishmania spp

- Trypanosoma spp

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5
Q

Which species are known as “thorny or spiny amoeba”?

A

Acanthamoeba spp

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6
Q

Free living (out in nature) ____, many species cause human disease

A
  • Amoebae

- Acanthamoeba spp

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7
Q

Acnathamoeba spp

- Incidence of ____

A

Acanthamoebiasis

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8
Q

Acanthamoeba spp is infection of what?

A

Cornea (keratitis)

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9
Q

Acanthamoeba spp

- Epidemiology and transmission

A 
Variety of environmental habitats
- Contact lens case
- Soil
- Fresh, brackish salt water
- Sewage, swimming, medicinal pool
- Plants
- Human throats, nostrils
Enter through inhalation, the eye, or ulcerated/broken skin
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10
Q

Acanthamoeba spp

- Infectious form

A

Both cysts and trophs

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11
Q

List two common infections of Acanthamoeba spp

A
  • Eye tissue = keratitis

- Brain tissue = granulomatis amoebic encephalitis (GAE)

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12
Q

In encephalitis (GAE), most cases have been found in what kind of people?

A

Immunocompromised people

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13
Q

In encephalitis (GAE), ____ enters through break in skin or upper respiratory tract, migrate to CNS, causes neuronal damage and death

A

Trophs

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14
Q

Describe two types of diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp through microscope from tissue (such as eye, brain, lesion materal)

A

??

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15
Q

Acanthamoeba spp

- Geographic distribution

A

Worldwide

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16
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris is ____ amoeba

A

Free living but not much is known about is habitat

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17
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Geographic distribution

A

Temperate regions of globe

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18
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Causes what disease?

A

GAE

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19
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Incidence of ____

A

Balamuthiasis

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20
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Transmission through ____

A

Skin wounds or inhaling DST

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21
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Infectious forms

A

Both cysts and trophs are found in tissue (just like Acanthamoebae)

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22
Q

What type of people are at risk for Balamuthia mandrillaris GAE?

A

Cases in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent people

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23
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris

- Diagnosis

A

Characteristic of cysts

  • Double-walled in tissue
  • Troph → bulls eye nucleus
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24
Q

How can we distinguish Balamuthia mandrillaris from Acanthamoba since they have identical diagnosis.

A

Distinguish using PCR and immunofluorescence (IFA)

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25
Q

Where would you find Neagleria flowerleri ameobae

A

Free-living amoeba;

- They prefer warm water so lakes, ponds, swimming pools, air conditioner cooling towers, tap water, etc

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26
Q

Neagleri floweri

- Geographic distribution

A

Presumably worldwide

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27
Q

Neagleria flowerli

- Cuases ____

A

Primary ameobic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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28
Q

Neagleria flowerli

- Infectious form

A

Troph

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29
Q

Neagleria flowleri

- Diagnosis through microscope

A
  • Characteristic trophs in brain and CSF

- NO CYST forms in hosts

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30
Q

Neagleria flowleri

- Symptoms

A
  • Acute onset of frontal headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting (phase 1)
  • Stiff neck, seizures, altered mental status, coma, and death (phase 2)
  • From exposure to death: 1-12 days
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31
Q

Which pathogenic flagellates is sexually transmitted protozoan?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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32
Q

This is the most common pathogenic protozoan in industrialized countries

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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33
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Incidence of ____

A
  • Trichomoniasis

- Very common, more prevalent among people w/ multiple sex partners

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34
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Epidemiology and transmission

A
  • Resides in lower GU tract of females, urethra, and prostate of males
  • Sexual intercourse is primary means of transmission
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35
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Life cycle

A

Trophozoites are the only known form; it replicates on surfaces of tissue

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36
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Symptoms in males

A

Usually asymptomatic, but can develop uretheritis, epididymitis and/or prostatitis

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37
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Symptoms in females

A
  • Frothy, yellow/green, foul smelling vaginal discharge
  • Itching and burning especially during sex
  • Vaginitis, urethritis, and cervicitis (strawberry cervix)
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38
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Diagnosis through molecular tests

A
  • DNA probe (e.g., BD Affrim VPIII microbial ID test)

- Nucleic acid amplification test (e.g., Gen-probe APTIMA)

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39
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

- Diagnosis through microscopy

A
  • Demonstrate motile trophs in vaginal secretion or urine

- Demonstrate trophs in stained smears

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40
Q

Babesia species

- List four specimens which are known human pathogens

A
  • Theileria (Babesia) microti
  • Babesia divergens
  • B. ducani
  • Babesia spp MO-1
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41
Q

Most common Babesia species which is found in the Northeast USA, Nantucket Island

A

Theileria (Babesia) microti

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42
Q

Babesia species

- Distribution

A

Worldwide

  • Babesia divergens (mainly Europe)
  • B. ducani (western USA)
  • Bbesia spp MO-1 (Midwestern USA)
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43
Q

Babesia spp

- Incidence of ____

A

Babesiosis (US)

- Most cases in New England, Minnesota, and Wisconsin

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44
Q

Babesia spp

- Epidemiology

A
  • Tick bites (deer tick and brown dog tick) transmit the parasite to human or mouse hosts
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45
Q

Babesia spp

- Host in natures

A

Use white footed mice and ticks as hosts

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46
Q

Babesia spp

- Transmission

A
  • Transmission has also occurred through blood txns!!!! (2 cases in IN-both recipients died)
  • Vertical transmission (going from mom to baby) has also occurred
47
Q

Babesia spp

- Infectious form

A

Merozoite form (maltese cross)

48
Q

Babesia spp

- Symptoms

A
  • Most are asymptomatic

- Having no spleen makes a person more prone to severe or fatal disease

49
Q

Babesia spp

- Diagnosis through microscope

A
  • Examination of a Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa stained blood smear
  • Presence of ring form and characteristic merozoite in and outside of red cells (multiple rings and merozoites per cell)
50
Q

Babesia spp

- Two other methods used in diagnosis

A
  • IFA: for detection of Abs to Babesia spp

- Molecular method: real-time PCR for species which can speciate the organisms

51
Q

How can we distinguish Babesia spp from Plasmodium spp?

A
  • Clinical and travel histories
  • Babesia produces racket-shaped merozoites
  • Rings and merozoite are only seen in babesiosis
  • Extracellular parasites seen in babesiosis
52
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Causative agents of _____

A

Malaria

53
Q

Plasmodium spp

- ____ borne protozoa

A

Mosquito

54
Q

List five different species fo Plasmodium that are known to cause malaria in humans

A
  • P. falciparum
  • P. malariae
  • P. ovale
  • P. vivax
  • P. knowlesi (first four most common)
55
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Distribution

A

Tropical and subtropical regions - mostly in Africa

56
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Complete life cycle requires two hosts: ____ and ____

A

Mosquitos; humans

57
Q

Plasmodium spp

- What type of mosquitoes are found?

A

Anopheles spp

58
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

- Epidemiology and incidence

A
  • Widespread, globally

- Predominant cause

59
Q

Plasmodium malariae

- Epidemiology and incidence

A
  • Widespread, globally

- Less frequently seen causes

60
Q

Plasmodium ovale

- Epidemiology and incidence

A

Predominantely in sub-Saharan Africa, other areas also

61
Q

Plasmodium vivax

- Epidemiology and incidence

A
  • Wider range than P. ovale, and their niches overlap

- Second most predominant cause

62
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi

- Epidemiology and incidence

A

Southeast Asia; very rare cause

63
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Two types of cycles

A
  • Exo-erthryocytic (occurs in liver)

- Erythrocytic

64
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Important notes above P. ovale and P. vivax in life cycle

A

They both can stay dormant in liver → disease can relapse weeks or years later
- RMR: w/ P. ovale and P. vivax (“it’s not OVer!!)

65
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Symptoms

A
  • Blackwater fever: intravascular hemolysis, dark urine from hemoglobin; malaria caused by P. falciparum can be very dangerous!!
  • Fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, joint aches, diarrhea, vomiting, neurologic change
66
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Types of blood smears used for examination

A

Examination of a Giemsa or Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears

67
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Things to look for when examining the stained blood smears

A
  • Presence of ring forms, shizonts, gametocytes
  • Chuffner’s dots in P. ovale and P. vivax
  • Thin and thick smears should be looked at
68
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Two other methods for diagnosis

A

Molecular methods

  • PCR
  • Ag detection → lateral flow test
69
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Microscopic exam can be fixed w/ ____

A

Methanol → RBCs will NOT lyse

70
Q

Plasmodium spp

- Microscopic exam → why do we not fix slides w/ MeOH?

A

You need to RBCs to lyse

71
Q

P. falciparum

  • Rings present/absent
  • Size of RBCs it infects
  • Presence of stippling
  • # of merozoites in schizonts
  • Shape of gametocytes
  • Other forms present
A
  • Rings present/absent: present
  • Size of RBCs it infects: normal/same size
  • Presence of stippling: None
  • # of merozoites in schizonts: None
  • Shape of gametocytes: banana
  • Other forms present: only rings
72
Q

P. malariae

  • Rings present/absent
  • Size of RBCs it infects
  • Presence of stippling
  • # of merozoites in schizonts
  • Shape of gametocytes
  • Other forms present
A
  • Rings present/absent: Present
  • Size of RBCs it infects: Normal/same size
  • Presence of stippling: None
  • # of merozoites in schizonts: 6-12
  • Shape of gametocytes: Round/oval
  • Other forms present: Band forms
73
Q

P. ovale

  • Rings present/absent
  • Size of RBCs it infects
  • Presence of stippling
  • # of merozoites in schizonts
  • Shape of gametocytes
  • Other forms present
A
  • Rings present/absent: Present
  • Size of RBCs it infects: Larger
  • Presence of stippling: Present
  • # of merozoites in schizonts: 6-14
  • Shape of gametocytes: Round/oval
  • Other forms present: Fimbriated forms
74
Q

P. vivax

  • Rings present/absent
  • Size of RBCs it infects
  • Presence of stippling
  • # of merozoites in schizonts
  • Shape of gametocytes
  • Other forms present
A
  • Rings present/absent: Present
  • Size of RBCs it infects: Larger
  • Presence of stippling: Present
  • # of merozoites in schizonts: 12-24
  • Shape of gametocytes: Round/oval
  • Other forms present: Amoeboid trophs
75
Q

Plasmodium species

- Diagnosis through microscope

A

Must distinguish plasmodium spp from Babesia spp

76
Q

Plasmodium knowelsi and P. falciparum look very similar how can we differentiate?

A

PCR can discriminate the two

77
Q

This is named after the gundi, a rodent in which it was first described

A

Toxoplasma gondii

78
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Can infect a wide array of ____ hosts

A

Warm-blooded

79
Q

Toxoplasma gondi

- Incidence of ____

A

Toxoplasmosis (it produces mainly asymptomatic disease)

80
Q

Toxoplasma gondi

- Epidemiology

A

Definitive hosts are domestic cats and their relatives. And intermediate hosts include rodents and birds

81
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Transmission

A

Cat feces; uncooked meat, meat spread (very high prevalence in France

  • 85% seropositivity rate
  • Steak tartare
  • Can cross the placenta
82
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Infectious forms caused by meat consumption

A

Tissue → cyst

83
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Infectious forms caused by cat poop consumption

A

Oocysts

84
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Symptoms

A
  • Most cases are asymptomatic
  • Flu-like illness
  • Immunodeficient patients can develop CNS disease, pneumonitis, systemic disorder
85
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Routine testing for diagnosis (IFA for IgM and IgG)

A

Serology

86
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Microscopy diagnosis

A
  • Identify tachyzoites in some species

- identify tissue cysts (contain bradyzoites)

87
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Describe tachyzoites (active form of trophozoites seen through microscope)

A
  • Sausage shape forms (tend to round up if phagocytized)

- Have nucleus only (no kinetoplast; no undulating membrane)

88
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

- Describe bradyzoites (inactive tissue forms seen through microscope)

A

Many small, round, dot like forms found within tissue cysts; may become active trophs is cyst ruptures

89
Q

Leishmania spp

- Vector borne disease ______

A

Sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus spp)

90
Q

Leishmania spp

- Indicdnece of ____

A

Leishmaniasis

91
Q

Leishmania spp

- Two forms of epidemology

A

Visceral and cutaneous

92
Q

Leishmania spp

- Transmission

A

By bite of sandflies

93
Q

Leishmania spp

- Infectious form

A

????

94
Q

Replication of organisms w/in the skin around where a sandfly has fed

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

95
Q

This type of leishmaniasis causes dissemination of organisms to liver, spleen, bone marrow, etc.

A

Visceral leishmaniasis

96
Q

Leishmania spp

- Diagnosis

A
  • Microscopy: examination of Giemsa stained smears of BM, tissue, etc
  • Will see amastigotes in macrophages and outside of host cells
97
Q

Leishmania spp

- Send to ____ lab for confirmation

A

CDC

98
Q

Two types of disease caused in Trypanosoma spp

A
  • Chagas disease (in the Americas)

- African sleepign sickness (in Africa)

99
Q

____ transmit Chagas disease parasite

A

Triatomine beetles (“kissing bugs” or Reduvild bettles)

100
Q

____ transmits African sleeping sickness parasite

A

Tsetse flies (Glossina sp)

101
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Distribution

A

Parts of Africa, Latin America and even part of the U.S.

102
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Incidence of ____

A

Trypanosomiasis

103
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Epidemiology and two forms of transmission

A
  • African Sleeping sickness: Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesience
  • Chagas disease: American trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
104
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Infectious form

A

Tryphmastigotes

105
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Infections they cause in African sleeping sickness

A

Chancre

106
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Infections they cause in Chagas disease

A

??

107
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Symptoms in Chagas disease

A

If trypomastigotes are introduced into the eye, the patient can develop Ramana’s sign

108
Q

Trypansoma spp

- Diagnosis through microscopy and two forms that are found

A
  • Examination of giemsa stained smears of blood, CSF and tissue; also histologic sections of muscle (Chagas)
  • Trypomastigotes in fluids; Amastigotes in tissue cells
109
Q

Microscopic characteristic of Trypanosoma cruzi

- Tryptomastigote form

A

Found in blood; has nucleus and large kinetoplast at tip of tryptomastigote; less wavy, with C or U shape

110
Q

Microscopic characterisic of Trypanosoma cruzi

- Amastigote form

A

Found in tissue; small, intacellular forms in macropahges or near disrupted cells. has nucleus and very small rod shaped kinetoplast

111
Q

Microscopic characteristic of Trypanosoma gambiense/rhodesiense
-Tryptomastigote form

A

Found in blood, CSF, BM, or Lymph nodes. ; Has nucleus and small kinetoplast at tip; is very wavy, with S or W shape

112
Q

Three types of form found in Leishmania species during microscopy examination

A

Amastgote form (found in clinical specimens), Epimastigote (in cultures), and Trypomastigote forms (only in teh sandfly vector, not in humans)

113
Q

Microscopic characterstics of Leishmania species- Amastgote form

A

Small forms, intracellular in, has nucleus and very small rod shaped kinetoplast

114
Q

List the organisms that are vector borne disease

A

Trypanosoma species, Leishmania species, Babesia species

Liz's Parasitology Course (8 decks)

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