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Liz's Parasitology Course > Cestodes and Trematodes > Flashcards

Cestodes and Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

List general characteristics of the Cestodes

A
  • Flatworms (members of Platyhelminths)
  • Scolex (head) w/ suckers, some w/ hooklets (“armed”)
  • Proglottids (segments) can be diagnostic for some (most are hermaphroditic → eggs produced in each mature proglottid)
  • All requires 1 or more intermediate hosts
  • Eggs or glottids passed in stool
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2
Q

List general characteristics of Trematodes

A
  • Adults are leaf-like and flat (Platyhelminths)
  • Human (or another animal) is definitive host for all
  • Two intermediate hosts for most (schistomsomes have one)
  • Eggs is diagnoistic stage
  • Flotation methods aren’t effective for detection
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3
Q

Of the cestodes and trematodes discussed in class, which ones are present in the U.S.?

A 
Cestodes:
- Hymenolepis nana
- Diphyllobothrium latum
- Taenia sagniata, Taenia solium
- Echnicoccus granulosus
Trematodes
- Fasciola hepatica
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4
Q

Diagnostic form of Hymenolepis nana

A

Eggs

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5
Q

Microscopic examination of Hymenolepis nana eggs

A

Thin-shelled in stool (30-45um) w/ hexacanth embryo, polar thickenings and filaments

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6
Q

Diagnostic form of Hymenolepis dimunute

A

Eggs

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7
Q

Microscopic examination of Hymenolepsis diminute eggs

A

Hexacanth embryo w/ no polar filaments (70-85um), larger and thicker shelled than Hymenolepis nana

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8
Q

Diagnostic form of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Eggs or proglottids passed in stool

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9
Q

Microscopic examination of Diphyllobothrium latum

A
  • Eggs: Operculate, shoulders, aboperculate knob (65um)
  • Proglottids are more broad than long
  • Scolex has bothria (slits) instead of suckers
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10
Q

Diagnostic form of Taenia saginata

A

Eggs or proglottids passed in stool

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11
Q

Microscopic examination of Taenia saginata

A
  • Eggs (40um), striated shell, hexacanth embryo (can’t differentiate from T. solium)
  • Proglottids are longer than wide (15-30 uterine branches), scolex has no hook
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12
Q

Diagnostic form of Taenia solium

A

Eggs or proglottids found in stool

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13
Q

Microscopic examination Taenia solium

A
  • Eggs cannot be differentiated from Taenia saginata
  • Proglottids are similar to Taenia saginata except they have 7-12 uterine branches
  • Scolex is armed (hooks”
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14
Q

____ is caued by a bladder worm filled w/ scolex

A

Cysticercus

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15
Q

Diagnostic form of Echinococcus granulosus

A

Aspirate fluid from cysts containing scolices and hooklets (“hydatid sand”)

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16
Q

Diagnostic form of Dipylidium caninum

A

Eggs and proglottids

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17
Q

Microscopic examinaiton of Dipylidium caninum

A
  • Egg packets containing numerous hexacanth embryos

- Proglottids resemble cucumer seeds or rice grains

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18
Q

Diagnostic form of Fasciolopsis buski

A

Eggs

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19
Q

Microsocpic examination of Fasciolopsis buski

A

Eggs are very large (130um), operculate, can’t be differentiated from eggs of Fasciola hepatica

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20
Q

Diagnostic form of Fasciola hepatica

A

Eggs in stool

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21
Q

Microscopic examination of Fasciola hepatica

A

Eggs are very large (130um), operculate, can’t be differentiated from eggs of Fasciolopsis buski

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22
Q

Diagnostic form of Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis spp.

A

Eggs

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23
Q

Microscopic examination of Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis spp

A

Eggs are very small (30um), operculate, flask shaped → found in stool/biopsies (“shoulders”, “abopercular knob”)

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24
Q

Diagnostic form of Paragonimus westermani

A

Eggs

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25
Q

Microscopic examination of Paragonimus westermani

A

Eggs are small (90um), operculate in sputum (or feces); often “shoulders”, aboperculate thickening but no knob

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26
Q

Diagnostic form of Schistosoma

A

Eggs

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27
Q

Microscopic examination of Schistosoma japonicum

A

Eggs are 85um, rounded and have a lateral spin

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28
Q

Microscopic examination of Schistosoma mansoni

A

Eggs are 150um, elongated, long pointed lateral spine

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29
Q

Microscopic examination of Schistosoma hematobium

A

Eggs are 150um, elongated, pointed terminal spine

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30
Q

Common name for Hymenolepis nana

A

Dwarf tapeworm

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31
Q

Common name for Hymenolepis dimunta

A

Rat tapeworm

32
Q

Common name for Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Broad fish tapeworm

33
Q

Common name for Taenia sagniata

A

Beef tapeworm

34
Q

Common name for Taenia solium

A

Pork tapeworm

35
Q

Common name for Echinococcus granulosus

A

Canine tapeworm

36
Q

Common name for Dipylidium caninum

A

Dog tapeworm

37
Q

Common name for Fasciolopsis buski

A

Giant intestinal fluke

38
Q

Common name for Fasciola hepatica

A

Large liver fluke, sheep liver fluk

39
Q

Common name for Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorcihis spp

A

Oriental or Chinese liver fluke

40
Q

Common name for Paragonimums westermani

A

Oriental lung fluk

41
Q

Common name for Schistosoma spp

A

Blood flukes

42
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding w/ Hymenolepis nana?

A

Asymptomatic

43
Q

Major clinical manifestation corresponding w/ Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Few symptoms unless heavy parasite burden

44
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding w/ Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Megaloblastic anemia (competition for Vitamin B12)

45
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding w/ Taenia saginata

A

Vague GI symptoms

46
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding to larvae ingestion fo Taneia solium

A

Intestinal

47
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding to larvae ingestion fo Taneia solium

A

Cysticercosis (larvae in fluid-filled bladder)

48
Q

Major clinical manifestations corresponding to Echinococcus granulosus

A

Cysts in liver, lung, brain, CT scan/surgery

49
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Fasciolopsis buski

A

GI obstruction w/ heavy infections, edema, malabsorption

50
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Fasciola hepatica

A

In humans, larvae migrate from intestine to liver causing major destruction, fibrosis, partial obstruction of bile ducts

51
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Clonorchis senensis/Opisthorchis spp

A

Pain, bild duct obstruction, jaundice (associated w/ liver/gall lbalddercancer)

52
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Pragoniums westermani

A

Chronic cough, hemoptysis (“iron filings”), pulmonary fibrosis, resembles TB

53
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Schistosoma spp

A

Local irritation t penetration site; major symptoms dependent on fluke’s life cycle

54
Q

Hymenolepis nana

- Intermediate host(s)

A

None or infected arthropods

55
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta

- Intermediate host(s)

A

None

56
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

- Intermediate host(s)

A

Copepod and freshwater fish

57
Q

Taenia saginata

- Intermediate host(s)

A

Cattle

58
Q

Taenia solium

- Intermediate host(s)

A

Pigs

59
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

- Intermediate host(s)

A

Sheep

60
Q

Dipylidium caninum

- Intermediate host(s)

A

Canines

61
Q

Fasciolopsis buski

  • First intermediate host
  • Secondary intermediate host
A
  • First: snail

- Second: water plants (water chestnuts, bamboo shoots)

62
Q

Fasciola hepatica

  • First intermediate host
  • Second intermediate host
A
  • First: snail

- Second: water plants (watercress)

63
Q

Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis spp

  • First intermediate host
  • Second intermediate host
A
  • First: snails

- Second: freshwater fish (raw, smoked, pickled, or dried)

64
Q

Paragonimus westermani

  • First intermediate host
  • Second intermediate host
A
  • First: snails

- Second: crabs or crayfish

65
Q

Schistosoma spp

- First intermediate host

A

Snails

66
Q

Which method, flotation or sedimentation, is better for isolating cestodes and/or trematodes?

A

Most trematodes and cestodes have “caps”. If you remove the “cap”, they sink. Therefore sedimentation method is best

67
Q

Fasciolopsis busk

- Infective site

A

Intestines

68
Q

Fasciola hepatica

- Infective site

A

Liver

69
Q

Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis spp

- Infective site

A

Liver

70
Q

Paragoniumus westermani

- Infective site

A

Lungs

71
Q

Schistosoma spp

- Infective site

A

Blood

72
Q

Most common Cestode found in the U.S.

A

Hymenolepis nana

73
Q

Disease typically caused by Dipylidium caninum

A

Heartworm in dogs

74
Q

Human patient population mostly affected by Dipylidium caninum

A

Children from accidental ingestion

75
Q

Appearance of Dipylidium caninum

A

Egg packets → hexacanth embryo; proglottids resemble cucumber seeds or rice grains

76
Q

All Schistosoma larvae undergo part of their life cycle in a snail. How are humans infected?

A

Larvae are released from the snails and the larvae penetrate through the skin

Liz's Parasitology Course (8 decks)

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