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Microbiology > Pathogenic Microbes > Flashcards

Pathogenic Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

What do I need to always use when deal with unknown pathogen

A

PPE

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2
Q

What 3 things do lab researchers note when analyzing microbial sample

A
  1. morphology- shape and size
  2. motility under microscope
  3. if possible capture images of any characteristics or at least draw them by hand
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3
Q

What 3 things do technician document after testing microbe

A

whether organism is gram (+) or (-)
presence of chemical reaction: gas production or fermentation
Distinct color changes in organism or environment

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4
Q

What is stretpococcus

A

gram (+) round bacteria

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5
Q

How does streptococcus link to other bacteria

A

in chains

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6
Q

Is streptococcus catalase negative or positive

A

negative: can’t break down peroxides

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7
Q

What is the grouping system for streptococcus

A

for beta-hemolytic streptococcus also called lance field group
grouped based on similarities designated by a “letter”
all bacteria catalase negative and coagulase negative: distinct lie in carb composition of bacterial antigen in cell wall

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8
Q

What is streptococcal Pharyngitits

A

strep throat: group A

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9
Q

What are symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis

A

fever, enlarged lymph nodes, reddening of lining in throat cause pain
could lead to complications within ear, sinuses
if left untreated progress to rheumatic fever

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10
Q

What is rheumatic fever

A

occur in 3% untreated cases streptococcal pharyngitis

presents 2-3 week past infection

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11
Q

How does rheumatic fever present

A

inflammation of joints, involuntary jerking, pea-sized nodules beneath skin, reddened area with raised ridges over skin surface
most serious is damage to heart valves

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12
Q

What is treatment for rheumatic fever

A

antibiotics: penicillin

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13
Q

What is streptococcal septicemia

A

blood poisoning
group B infect of blood- can secondarily affect surround tissue
response of host( fever, increased HR etc) to infect agent is equally damaging
life threatening: worsen quick due to systemic
arise from infect in lung, abdomen, urinary tract, precede meningitis or endocarditis

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14
Q

What are SX of streptococcal septicemia

A

fever, chills, rapid breathing, increased HR

rapid progression to shock

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15
Q

What is TX for streptococcal septicemia

A

antibiotics, IV fluids, oxygen

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16
Q

Is septicemia limited to streptococcus

A

no: can by caused by other microbe such as E. Coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella

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17
Q

What is Staphylococcus

A

gram (+), round, grape like cluster
catalase and coagulase (+)
facultative anaerobe
found in 30% of human pop: no symptoms
commensal bacterial: neither harm nor benefit host form which obtain nutrients
compromised immunity: rapid expansion cause illness

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18
Q

How is staphylococcus screened

A

differential screened: all species capable of growth in presence of bile salt

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19
Q

what is a facultative anarobe

A

microbe ability to grow aerobically and anaerobically

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20
Q

What is folliculitis

A

Staph aureus
affects hair follicles: cause formation of lesion: called pustules
pus filled skin lesion( boils) develop anywhere on the skin

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21
Q

What is scalded skin syndrom

A

from Staph Aureus
seen in young children and infants
causes pustules to rupture yielding scalded appearance due to skin peeling
Tx: penicillin or erythromycin

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22
Q

What is conjunctivitis

A

Infection of conductive, inner surface of eyelid
classically known as pink eye
caused by bacterial or viral infection
Staph most common, streptococcus may have similar results

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23
Q

What is impetigo

A 
Staph Aureus
contagious childhood skin disease
fluid filled sores near mouth/nose- if rupture spread to other parts of the body 
cause mild discomfort and itching
Tx: penicillin
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24
Q

what is viral conjunctivitis often associated with

A

common cold

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25
Q

SX of conjunctivitis

A

red/pink eye: one or both
painful, burning, itchy sensations
may find eyelid “shut” due to increased in tea production

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26
Q

what is best precaution for conjunctivitis

A

proper hand washing

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27
Q

How is conjunctivitis contaminate others

A

hands rubbing eyes and touching other people and things

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28
Q

What is ophthalmia neonatorum

A

severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis occur in newborns and lead to permanent eye damage unless treated immediately
occurs when infant exposed to chlamydia or gonorrhea in birth canal

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29
Q

why is antibiotic ointment applied to newbon eyelids

A

prevent potential infection and permeant eye damage from possible ophthalmia neonatorum

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30
Q

what are SX of ophthalmia neonatorum

A

reddening of sclera, inflamed liming of eyelid and tear duct, discoloration and yellowing fluid

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31
Q

What is TB

A

Tuberculosis and/or mycobacterium tuberculosis

sm. aerobic, non-motile, rod

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32
Q

How is mycobacterium best seen

A

poor gram stain

best seen acid-fast stain

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33
Q

How is TB spread

A

through air via mucosal emission( person to person)

must be inhaled to be infectious

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34
Q

Where does TB primarily infect

A

respiratory system
once colonize in lungs- can infect other parts of body: brain, spine, kidney
outside of lungs is not infectous

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35
Q

What are SX of TB infection

A

Primary: bad cough for about 3 weeks, pain in chest, cough up blood or heavy mucous
Secondary: weakness, fatigue, weight los, fever, chills

36
Q

How do we test for TB

A

skin test: mantoux- small fluid of tuberculin placed under skin of arm
direct blood test
if exposed: TB test shows raised, red bump at injection site- indicate body has some level of antibodies

37
Q

What is tuberculin

A

purified protein extract of tubercle bacillus

38
Q

What is TX for TB

A

Drug therapy: isoniazid( INH), rifampin( RIF), ethambutol( EMB), pyrazinamide( PZA)
lasts 6-9 months: pt must take meds as prescribed
if med stop too soon, level of TB bacteria may re-emerge in patient; if taken improperly survive TB may become antibiotic resistant

39
Q

What is Leprosy

A

also known as Hanson’s disease
caused by mycobacterium leprae
sm. rod shape, acid fast
infect remain asymptomatic for 3-20 yr

40
Q

How is leprosy spread

A

person to person: via airborne droplet from nose/mouth

41
Q

What does leprosy primarily affect

A

skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes

42
Q

What happens if leprosy is left untreated

A

severe nerve damage, results in further physical injury due to lack of sensation and feedback signals

43
Q

Is leprosy curable

A

yes: completely

use multi-drugs: combinations of Dapsone, Rifampin, Clofazimine

44
Q

What is botulism

A

caused by clostridium botulinum
gram (+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus
if exposed to anaerobic condition: release paralytic toxin affect motor neuron
spores found in soil/water, harmless until anaerobic condition become available-makes metabolical active

45
Q

What are 3 conditions that cause toxin to produce from clostridium botulin

A
  1. ) food borne illness: result of improper canned/contaminated low acid food: green bean, beats, corn
  2. ) infant botulism: usually under 6 months: consume foods containing the bacteria: potential source is honey- infant GI lack microbes to deal with bacterium affectively- in adult: only direct ingestion of toxin cause GI distress
  3. ) wound botulism: bacterium colonize in deep wound: puncture: mostly seen in individuals who inject street drugs such as heroin
46
Q

What is a TX strategy for botulism

A

harness paralytic effect of toxin in form of botox
prevents skin from moving and wrinkling i
injected in specific areas to prevent cranial muscle spasm in patient with severe migraines

47
Q

What is tetanus

A

produced by clostridium tetani
gram(+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus
found in soil, dust, animal feces
tetarospasmin toxin: causes the illness- not bacterium itself

48
Q

What are SX of tetanospasmin toxin

A

act on inhibitory neuron cause systemic muscle stiffness and spams
primarily seen master muscle of jaw
also known as “lock jaw”

49
Q

If left untreated tetanospasmin toxin what

A

induced muscle tightening lead to respiratory failure as muscles to breath no longer function correctly

50
Q

Is there a cure for tetanus

A

no: just manage complications

preventable by vaccine

51
Q

What is Gas Gangrene

A

clostridium perfringens

gram(+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus, found nearly everywhere in nature

52
Q

what does clostridium perfringens produce

A

aflatoxin perfringolysin
under anaerobic condition most often from deep puncture wound
acts by form spore in plasma membrane of host cell
results in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death

53
Q

How is gas gangrene characterized

A

muscle necrosis, swelling of infected area, fever, intense gas production( by produce robust carb fermentation user anaerobic condition)

54
Q

What is TX for gas gangrene

A

remove of all infected tissue: amputation of affected area with heavy antibiotic

55
Q

What additional illness can gas gangrene and is 3rd leading cause

A

food poisoning if alpha toxin is present and ingest in contaminated foods

56
Q

What is Legionnaires

A

caused by Legionella
gram (-) aerobic, motile( single and flagellum)
over 90% of legionnaire dx due to infect by legionella pneumophilia

57
Q

Where is Legionnaires found

A

fresh water: normally
when found in contaminated water system- hot tubs, hot water tanks etc- transmit through droplets so small can be breathed in

58
Q

How is legionnaires spread

A

direct contact with people

through hot water mist from hot tub, vaporized

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Legionnaries

A

develop pneumonia, fever, headache, muscle ache, cough, shortness of breath
appear 2-10 days after exposure

60
Q

Tx for legionnaires

A

antibiotics

61
Q

What is plague

A

yersinia pestir

gram(-), facultative anaerobe, rod, capable to infect human and animals

62
Q

What are the 3 forms of plague

A

bubonic, pneumonic speticemic

63
Q

What characterizes bubonic plague

A

painful swollen lymph nodes

64
Q

where is pneumonic plague found

A

respiratory system- rare: highly virulent form

65
Q

What does septicemic plague target

A

blood system, very rare, if not treated is life threatening- will affect other organs

66
Q

What Sx appear when infected with plague

A

SX appear within 2-5

headache, fever, seizure, bleeding, decreased BP, difficult breath, organ fail

67
Q

What is TX for plague

A

antibiotics at onset of SX

streptomycin, tetracycline, flurorquinolones, gentamicin, doxycycline

68
Q

What is anthrax

A

microbe cause: bacillus anthracis

gram(-), aerobic, rod shape, spore-forming, found in soil often exit in endospore form

69
Q

how does bacillus anthracis causes disease

A

spores ingested: animal or open wound: spore germinate, colonize, disseminate throughout host causing disease

70
Q

what are 3 forms of anthrax

A

cutaneous: appear lg painless boil: distinct black center at infect site
GI: consume food tainted with anthrax( rare)- Intestines complication: diarrhea, vomit
Pulmonary: rare: sx= fever, headache, cough, shortness of breath

71
Q

What are the spores of anthrax resilient to

A

chlorine bleach
adopted as bioweapon in 1916
was seen again in 2001

72
Q

Can anthrax be spread from person to person

A

no

able to distribute spore on clothes

73
Q

What is lyme disease

A

caused by borrelia burdorferi

motile, flagella, anaerobic spirochete: need negative stain

74
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted

A

through tick bite: carries bacteria in saliva

75
Q

What is the trademark sign of Lyme

A

bullseye rash

76
Q

What are sx of Lyme

A

fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue

if left untreated long term arthritic and neurological complications

77
Q

What is Gonorrhea

A

caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea
gram (-), diplococci, fastidious
best grown on chocolate agar
utilizes pili

78
Q

What are pili

A

small protein filament appendages for attachment and movement

79
Q

What does gonorrhea cause

A

inflammatory responses in urethra, throat, prostate, anus and testes

80
Q

What happens if Gonorrhea is left untreated

A

systemic infection: cardiac and neurological complication such as endocarditis and meningitis

81
Q

What is syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

gram( -) spirochete: best view under dark field

82
Q

What are Sx of syphilis

A

imitate other diseases: fever, headache, sores, and rash, official med test require

83
Q

What happens if syphilis is not treated or incorrectly

A

4 stage complications

primary: single multiple sores: 3-6 weeks at infect site
secondary: rash-red/brown sport vary intensity- fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, muscle ache, fatigue
latent: begin when secondary physical sx go away- may be asymptomatic for over 30 years
late: 10-30 years post infect. paralysis, blindness, decreased muscle coordination, dementia, organ failure

84
Q

What is chlamydia

A

chlamydia trachoma’s
gram(-), non motile, rod, obligate parasite
can’t grow on agar alone- needs a host to culture

85
Q

What are Sx of chlamydia

A

if show up look like gonorrhea

normally no symptoms

86
Q

What is Tx for chlamydia

A

antibiotics: azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin
if left untreated cause severe reproduction complication( infertility) due to pelvic inflammatory disease-in women
if untreated

87
Q

What happens if chlamydia goes untreated in men and women

A

if left untreated cause severe reproduction complication( infertility) due to pelvic inflammatory disease-in women
if untreated in men result in urethritis: burning with urination

Microbiology (7 decks)

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