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Microbiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology

A

study of biological processes at microscopic level

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2
Q

What is a cell

A

smallest basic unit of life

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3
Q

what are the 4 main type of macromolecules

A

protein, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides

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4
Q

what is a protein

A

polymer( lg molecule of smaller unit) of amino acids

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5
Q

What is function of protein

A

facilitate movement of material in and out of cell
some act as enzymes that catalyze a process
some have structural roles, others as filaments aid in movmemnt

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6
Q

how many different amino acids are there and how many are essential

A

20 different amino acids and 9 are essential

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7
Q

what does it mean for an amino acid to be essential

A

means must get it from the environment the body can’t produce it

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8
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

chemical molecule that carries genetic information within the cell

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9
Q

what are the 2 major nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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10
Q

What is DNA and what does it contain

A

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid: contains lg amount of hereditary information and is responsible for inheritable characteristics
is coiled and twisted in a double helix

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11
Q

What is RNA and what does it contain

A

RNA: ribonucleic aid: deciphers hereditary info in DNA and synthesizes proteins

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12
Q

T/F both RNA and DNA are found in nucleus and only RNA can leave

A

True: both are found in the nucleus and only RNA can leave

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13
Q

Which 4 bases build DNA

A

Adenine, guanine( purine bases)

Cytosine, Thymine( pyrimidine)

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14
Q

Which are complementary base pairs for DNA

A

A-T

G-C

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15
Q

T/F hydrogen bonds form with base pairs

A

T

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16
Q

What are key characteristics of RNA

A

composed of nucleotides
contains sugar
single stranded
contains bases same as DNA: except does not use thymine but Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine

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17
Q

What is the structure and function of lipids

A

composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbons
form foundation of plasma membrane which controls what enters and leaves the cell- has lipid bilayer
hydrophobic tail point inward away from water while hydrophilic head point toward water

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18
Q

what is the structure

A

Polymer of one sugar: made up of carbon, H+ and oxygen

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19
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

sugar: C6, H12, O6-> monosaccaride: simple sugar
sucrose: C12, H22, O11-> disaccharide- joined glucose and fructose
cellulose: C6, H10, O5-> polymer of glucose-> primary structure of cell wall in plants
Chitin: primary component of fungal cell wall

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20
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

simple cell: does not have a nucleus in a nuclear membrane

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21
Q

What are examples of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria, archaea

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22
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria

A

coccus-round
Bacillus-rod
Spirillium- spiral
Vibrio-curved

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23
Q

How are bacteria organized

A

isolated, in chains or clusters

24
Q

T/F some bacteria have motility capabilities

A

T

25
Q

What is structure and function of Archaea

A

similar to bacteria
genetically and compositionally different
can survive in harsh environment
example of harsh environment: high salt, acidic, high temp, low oxygen

26
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

have true nucleus, presence of membrane

27
Q

How can eukaryotic cells be classified

A

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

28
Q

What are animalia cells

A

multicellular organisms
heterotrophic: incapable of producing own energy
must consume nutrients from environment and some have motility

29
Q

What are plantae cells

A

multi-cellular, contain most energy from sunlight via photosynthesis

30
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

process of converting light energy into chemical energy( sugar)

31
Q

What are fungi cells

A

multicellular or unicellullar: heterotrophic
have chitin- derivative of glucose in cell walls
example: mold and mushroom- multicellular
yeast- unicellular

32
Q

What are protista

A

unicellular cells that may form as a colony
used when can’t classify cell as animal, plant or fungi
example: amoeba( motility), algae( plant like) and mold( fungi like)

33
Q

What are viruses

A

not considered living
don’t replicate on own but in host
outside of host- lie dormant: no metabolism
have capsid-> membrane like structure contain genetic material similar to nucleus of eukaryotic cell

34
Q

What is the cell membrane- ID 3 characteristics

A

encloses main body of cell: known as plasma membrane
Semi-permeable layer
Bilayer
high degree of fluidity

35
Q

T/F does plasma membrane have a semi-permeable barrier

A

T

36
Q

What is function of semi-permeable barrier

A

only allow certain substance through by surrounding cytoplasm space of cell

37
Q

What is the bilayer of plasma membrane

A

composed of amphipathic phospholipids:
polar hydrophilic heads and non-polar hydrophobic tails
sit with hydrophobic tails facing in and hydrophilic heads facing out towards water in and out of cell

38
Q

what does it mean degree of fluidity for plasma membrane

A

lipids move freely within 2 layers-> level depends on types of lipid present, the environmental conditions, and if any proteins are present

39
Q

What is a key distinction between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

the membranes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ primarily iwht the absence of sterol lipids( cholesterol)
Prokaryotic cells do not have sterol lipid in their membrane

40
Q

What is the cell wall structure and function

A

outer membrane
found in bacteria, plants, fungi and algae
help to form shape of the cell

41
Q

What are some key characteristics of cell wall

A

additional layer surrounding cell membrane: is rigid: can’t change shape
plays an important role in providing support, structure and protection
Cell wall composition contains peptidoglycan: polysaccharide matrix

42
Q

What is peptidoglycan function

A

essential for bacteria survival

43
Q

Do archaea have peptidoglycan

A

No- they have S- layer or surface layer protein which provides physical and chemical protection

44
Q

What is the structure and function of cytoplasm

A

open volume within a cell
comprised mostly of H20 containing dissolved substances important to function of cell
Organelles are housed in cytoplasm

45
Q

What is a nucleus structure and function

A

defining organelle of all eukaryotic cells
defined by porous double lipid bilayer
command center
contains DNA

46
Q

Where is found genomic material in prokaryotic cell

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

What happens in the nucleolus in nucleus

A

site of ribosome synthesis

48
Q

What is a ribosome function and location

A

responsible for protein synthesis

located in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and attach to ER

49
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

series of membrane enclosed sacs that are interconnected
continuous with nuclear membrane
composed of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough

50
Q

How is rough endoplasmic reticulum distinguished from smooth

A

by the “bumps” which are the ribosomes that stud on ER surface

51
Q

What is the golgi complex structure and function

A 
flattened sacs( vesicles) located in between nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane
It is distribution site of the cell
Proteins may change, get packed and disturbed to where they need to go
52
Q

What are lysosomes structure and function

A

membrane organelles that have hydrolytic enzyme capable of taking apart unwanted cellular debris such as
protein, lipids, nucleic acids and polysaccharides
trash service of cell

53
Q

what are mitochondria structure and function

A

double membrane, create ATP, energy for cell
powerhouse of cell
tightly packed internal membrane called crystal to greatly increase surface area where reaction occurs

54
Q

What are chloroplast structure and fucntion

A

double membrane- specific to algae and plants
house chlorophyll
animal cells- no chloroplast

55
Q

What happens in chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis: process of turning light into ATP and NADPH

Microbiology (7 decks)

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