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Microbiology > Module 2: metabolism > Flashcards

Module 2: metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cellular metabolism

A

a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life

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2
Q

What are enzymes

A

group of protein that catalyze chemical reactions

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3
Q

What are characteristics of enzymes

A

not consumed but can be used repeatedly by the cell
have a cofactor
without cofactor enzyme is inactive

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4
Q

What is a cofactor

A

small chemical component usually an ion, assist enzymes during catalysis reaction
serve as regulator of chemical reaction
without cofactors: enzymes are inactive

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5
Q

What are 2 classifications of metabolic processes

A

catabolism:

anabolism

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6
Q

what is catabolism

A

breaking down large molecule into useful energy sources

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7
Q

What is anabolism

A

building up of biosynthesis of macromolecule from small unit to a larger
seen usually in growth and repair phase of cell

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8
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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9
Q

What is significant about ATP

A

most widely used form of energy in cells

can donate a phosphate group to become ADP and vice versa

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10
Q

What is significant about ATP donating a phosphate group

A

by donating available phosphate group, ATP transfer from catabolic reaction to anabolic
process fuels a cell to carry out necessary biochemical reaction for survival

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11
Q

What is a phototroph

A

acquire energy from photon of light to generate ATP from ADP

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12
Q

What is chemotroph

A

acquire energy from preformed chemical in environment

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13
Q

How can Chemotrophs be further divided

A

organotroph: remove electron from organic molecule( glucose)
Lithotroph: remove electron from inorganic( elemental)

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14
Q

What is Heterotroph

A

microorganism that derives carbon from organic molecules( sugar)

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15
Q

What is autotroph

A

organism that derives carbon from inorganic molecule( CO2)

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16
Q

What is chemoorganohetertroph

A

utilizes glucose in all 3 criteria( electrons, carbon and energy)

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17
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

add phosphate group to ADP

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18
Q

How many different levels of phosphorylation and what are they

A

3 levels
Photophosphorlation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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19
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

light energy is used to power formation of aTP from ADP

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20
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

phosphoryl ( PO3) group of chemical compound is transferred and donated to ADP. Chemical compound loses phosphate group referred to as phosphorylated active intermediate

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21
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

used by Chemotrophs energy released by chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to form ATP. Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cell and is efficient

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22
Q

What is important to note about glucose metabolism

A

its an important metabolic pathway used by microorganism for ATP production
Complete catabolism of glucose

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23
Q

what is chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

24
Q

How many ATP are produced in glucose metabolism and whats the process

A

38 ATP
glycolysis- 2 ATP
fermentation/respiration- 2 ATP
electron transport chain- 34 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation @ plasma membrane

25
Q

What is the process of glycolysis

A

begin with breakdown of single molecule of glucose
2 electron carrier molecules of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide( NAD) + 2 ATP
Phosphorylation of glucose : (Glucose-6-phosphate->G6P)- both prevent glucose from diffusing out of cell and serve as single molecule to cell that glycolysis is about to begin
Once complete products are: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP-> 2 net ATP as 2 are needed as reactants for next cycle of glycoslys

26
Q

What is a reactant

A

molecules involved at beginning reaction- L side of reaction equation

27
Q

What is a product

A

molecules on R side of reaction arrow

28
Q

What is full glycolysis reaction

A

Glucose+2NAD+ (2ADP+Pi)-> 2 pyruvate+2NADH+2ATP+2H+

29
Q

What is fermentation in glycolysis

A

anaerobic process in which NADH is converted back to NAD+ while pyruvate is converted to a waste by produce-> lactic acid/ ethanol to be eliminated
may supply levels of NAD+ in a cell cannon oxidize pyruvate-> does not product addition ATP for cell

30
Q

What is Respiration in glycolysis

A

more efficient aerobic process used by microorganism to produce energy
uses coenzyme flavin adenosine dinucleotide( FAD)
at conclusion TCA cycle produces 2 ATP may reduce carriers( electrons) NADH and FADH2

31
Q

What is the TCA cycle

A

Tricarboxylicacid cycle: central pathway of respiration also known as krebs cycle

32
Q

Primary function of TCA cycle

A

production of reduced electron carrier by transfer of electrons will fuel generation of ATP via electron transport

33
Q

What is electron transport chain

A

continuation of cellular respiration and 3rd step in glycolysis
proceeds either aerobically or anaerobically
anaerobic is less efficient and yields less ATP

34
Q

How does electron transport chain work

A

1) as electrons are transferred from NADH/HADH2 to terminal electron acceptors- energy is released and captured by electron acceptor protein in inner membrane of mitochondria
2) electron passed down chain of electron acceptor cause protein to be pumped out of mitochondria
cause strong differential across membrane of mitochondrial which form protein motive force
3) drives H+ back through ATP synthase complex, also in membrane, results in production of 34 ATP

35
Q

In summary how does glycolysis yield 38 ATP

A

glycolysis-2 ATP
Krebs cycle- 2 ATP
Electron transport: 34 ATP

36
Q

What are non-glucose alternatives so break down complex sugars

A

bacteria insert additional enzymatic steps at beginning of catabolism
Polysaccharides, Proteins and Lipids

37
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

usually too large to be transported across plasma membrane
microbes most secrete enzyme capable of degrading polymer into smaller-more manageable unit
direct contact is required by microorganism to ensure maximal absorption

38
Q

What are proteins as non glucose alternative to break down sugars

A

must be broken into smaller units/individaul amino acids by proteases
rich source of nutrients- source not only of carbon + energy but also nitrogen+sulfur

39
Q

What are lipids involved in breaking down sugars

A

rich in energy; have many reduced carbon molecules
lipase separate fatty acid chain from glycerol backbone
backbone processed for carbon+ energy when fatty acid is degraded by Beta-oxidation: highly efficient process overlaps with TCA+ electron transport
for each lipid derived carbon- 48 ATP yield vs 38

40
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

process of using photon( light) to derive ATP-> capture sunlight and convert it into usable energy source
ATP and NADH occur in chloroplast

41
Q

What are chloroplast

A

double membrane enclose organelle specific to algae and plants and house chlorophyll

42
Q

What is the 2 step process of light and dark reaction in photosynthesis

A

photophosphorylation

calvin cycle

43
Q

What is photophorylation

A

light reaction-> converts light energy into chemical to be used by cell in ATP + NADH
presence of light is required
reaction occurs in membrane as one of main function to generate proton gradient to create ATP

44
Q

What is calvin cycle

A

dark reaction-> microorganism use ATP and NADH generated by light reaction to convert CO2 + H2O into organic compound + carbs= carbon fixation

45
Q

what is the function of calvin cycle

A

produce 3-carb compound glyceradlehdye 3-phosphate( G3P)
During calvin cycle: NADPH+ATP reverted back to NADP + ADP
requires 6 turns for 1 molecule of glucose

46
Q

What is the summary of the total reaction of calvin cycle

A

6Co2+18ATP+12NADPH+12H20-> C6H12O6+18ADP+12NADP

47
Q

What is protease

A

catalyze breakdown of protein

48
Q

What is catalase

A

accelerate decomposition of hydrogen peroxide( H2O2) into water and oxygen
without catalase a cell would be unprotected from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species( ROS) and can’t survive

49
Q

Lipase what is it

A

catalyze breakdown of lipids

provide essential role in metabolism of lipids

50
Q

what is hydrolases

A

catalyze hydrolysis-> break apart chemical bond by adding H2O( A+B+H2O-> A-OH+B-H)

51
Q

What are Isomerases

A

promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds w/some molecules-> producing different molecule having same formula( A-B-> B-A)

52
Q

What is Ligase

A

an enzyme causes covalent bond to form( A+B-> A-B)

53
Q

What is Lyase

A

an enzyme causes break of bonds by mean of other than hydrolysis oxidation ( A-B->A+B)

54
Q

What are oxidoreductases

A

enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from reductant( electron donor) to oxidant( electron acceptor)
(A-+B-> A+B-

55
Q

What are transferases

A

enzymes that act to transfer specific groups from one to the other
Ab+C-> A+Cb

56
Q

what is the active site

A

unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules

57
Q

How does active site function

A
  1. )molecules undergo reaction( substrate) will bind to active site found within enzyme molecule
  2. ) once substrate attached to active site of enzyme it is converted accordingly
  3. ) product is then released from enzyme and reaction is reset

Microbiology (7 decks)

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