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MicroPara > Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

it is the ABILITY to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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2
Q

it is a step or mechanism involved in the DEVELOPMENT of a diseas

A

pathogenesis

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3
Q

it is the study of the FACTORS that determine the FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION, and DETERMINANTS of the disease in populations

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

it is observable phenomenon that can be identified by another person; Objective

A

sign

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5
Q

it is experience that cannot be identified by anyone; Subjective

A

symptoms

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6
Q

an organism that has capacity to cause disease affected by resistance to ANTIMICROBIAL and DISINFECTANT

A

virulence

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7
Q

T OR F: disease occurs if the bacteria or immunologic reactions to their presence cause sufficient harm to the person

A

T

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8
Q

process by which bacteria STICK to the surface of host cell

A

adherence

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9
Q

T OR F: after bacteria have entered the body, adherence is a minor initial step in the infection process

A

F (major)

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10
Q

T OR F: carrier is a person or animal with symptomatic infection that can be transmitted to another person or animal

A

F (asymptomatic)

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11
Q

multiplication of an infectious agent WITHIN the body

A

infection

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12
Q

the process whereby microbes ENTER host cells or tissues and SPREAD in the body

A

Invasion

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13
Q

microbial flora harbored by normal, healthy individuals

A

microbiota

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14
Q

a microorganism that does NOT cause disease

A

nonpathogen

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15
Q

an agent capable of causing disease only when the host resistance is IMPAIRED

A

opportunistic pathogen

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16
Q

a MICROORGANISM capable of causing disease

A

pathogen

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17
Q

the ability of a microorganism to produce TOXINS that contributes to the development of disease

A

toxigenicity

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18
Q

the quantitative ability of an agent to cause disease. it is may be used as reference to the SEVERITY of the infectious disease

A

virulence

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19
Q

T OR F: virulent agents cause disease when introduced into the host in big number

A

F (small)

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20
Q

virulence involved 4 characteristics

A

adherence, persistence, invasion, toxigenicity

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21
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of pathogenic bacteria

A
  1. transmissibility
  2. adherence to host cell
  3. persistence
  4. invasion of host cells and tissues
  5. toxigenicity
  6. ability to evade and survive the host immune system
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22
Q

when pathogens enter the body, there are two opposing forces, which are:

  1. the organism strive to_____the tissue and _______
  2. the body’s defense strive to _______ the invasion, ______ them, and _______ them off.
A
  • invade, colonize.
  • block, destroy, cast
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23
Q

the ability of pathogenic microbes to produce disease is tied up with complex clinical substance call _________

A

virulence factors

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24
Q

what are the attributes that enable pathogens to attach, escape destructions and cause disease

A
  1. capsule
  2. spores
  3. pili/ fimbriae
  4. enzymes
  5. toxins
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25
Q

T OR F: capsule has a anti-phagocytic function

A

T

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26
Q

the major mechanism by which pathogens cause disease are the _______ and ______ that they produce

A
  • exoenzyme
  • toxins
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27
Q

enzyme that degrades DNA

A

DNAse

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28
Q

enzyme that degrades keratin

A

keratinase

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29
Q

enzyme that breaks down the protein collagen which forms the connective tissue of muscles and other body organs

A

collagenase

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30
Q

enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, also known as the “spreading factor” since it helps in dispersing the pathogens to the tissues

A

hyaluronidase

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31
Q

bacterial enzyme that breaks down FIBRIN and dissolves CLOTS formed by the body.

A

bacterial kinases

32
Q

enzyme that destroys the plasma membrane, especially around RBC

A

Lecithinase

33
Q

enzyme that breaks down protein

A

protease

34
Q

enzyme that cause damage to the host’s red blood cell and provides pathogens with a source of IRON

A

hemolysins

35
Q

toxin that are produced INSIDE pathogenic bacteria, mostly common in GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.

A

exotoxin

36
Q

toxins that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

A

endotoxin

37
Q

the ______ are secreted or released into the surrounding medium following lysis

A

exotoxins

38
Q

the _______ are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

A

endotoxins

39
Q

where are exotoxins and endotoxins commonly found?

A

exotoxins = gram positive
endotoxins = gram negative

40
Q

an exotoxins that interferes with normal nerve impulse

A

neurotoxin

41
Q

exotoxin that affects the lining of the GIT

A

enterotoxin

42
Q

exotoxins that kills the host cell or affect the function

A

cytotoxins

43
Q

exotoxin that destroys neutrophils and macrophages

A

leukocidins

44
Q

a specific group of symptoms and signs that always accompanies a specific disease _______

A

syndrome

45
Q

a characteristic for a particular disease refer to signs and symptoms that point out the nature of a sickness, and can be useful in making a diagnosis

A

pathognomonic

46
Q

invading pathogen are LIMITED to SMALL areas of the body

A

localized
- boils

47
Q

pathogens SPREAD throughout the body through BLOOD or LYMPH

A

generalized or systemic
- measles

48
Q

pathogens remain inactive for a time but become active to produce symptoms of the disease. example

A

latent
- tuberculosis
- syphilis
- hepa b

49
Q

develops RAPIDLY but last only a short time. example

A

acute
- influenza

50
Q

develops SLOWLY but body’s reaction may be less or severe

A

chronic
- TB, hepa B, AIDS

51
Q

it is a manner that is transmissible from one human to another

A

communicable disease

52
Q

it is not passed from person to person

A

non communicable disease

53
Q

easily transmitted

A

contagious

54
Q

occurs OCCASIONALLY within the population of a geographical area.

A

sporadic disease

55
Q

T OR F: endemic disease is usually kept under control as a result of immunization and sanitary conditions

A

F (sporadic)

56
Q

ALWAYS present within population of a particular geographical area

A

endemic disease

57
Q

GREATER than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually occurring within a relatively SHORT period

A

epidemic disease (outbreak)

58
Q

disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries SIMULTANEOUSLY

A

pandemic

59
Q

what is the extent of infection is the pt is not experiencing any symptoms “asymptomatic disease”

A

subclinical infection

60
Q

symptomatic disease

A

clinical infection

61
Q

interval between the time of infection is received and the appearance of disease

A

incubation period

62
Q

SHORT interval (prodrome); ill defined symptoms; characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms

A

prodomal period

63
Q

disease reaching its full development (acme); all signs and symptoms of a disease are apparent

A

period of illness

64
Q

signs and symptoms subside

A

period of decline

65
Q

RECOVERY stage; body returns to its predisposed state and health is restored

A

convalescent period

66
Q

What is the chain of infection?

  • There must be a _______.
  • There must be a ______ of the pathogen ( a reservoir)
  • There must be a portal of____
  • There must be a mode of _____
  • There must be a portal of _____
  • There must be a _______
A
  • pathogen
  • source
  • exit
  • transmission
  • entry
  • susceptible host.
67
Q

what are the possible portal of exit?

A
  • ear (ear wax)
  • broken skin (blood)
  • skin (flakes)
  • anus (feces)
  • seminal vesicles (semen)
  • urethra (urine)
  • vaginal (secretions, blood)
  • mammary glands (milk)
  • mouth (saliva, sputum)
  • nose
  • eyes (tears)
68
Q

what are the different portals of entry

A
  • broken skin
  • insect bite
  • anus
  • urethra
  • vagina/ penis
  • placenta
  • mouth
  • nose
  • conjunctive of eye
  • ear
69
Q

T OR F: does the chain of infection needs to be broken at one point to stop the spread of infectious disease?

A

T

70
Q

what are the different sources of infection (pathogens)

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • protozoans
71
Q

what are the reservoirs of infection or sources where the pathogens can multiply?

A
  • animals
  • humans
  • fomites
  • vectors
72
Q

Skin – penetration of ______
Respiratory Tract –________
Alimentary Tract - ________
Genitourinary Tract – ______
Placenta / Vertical Transmission

A
  • intact skin
  • inhalation
  • food and drinks
  • STD
73
Q

what do you call a transmission DIRECTLY from host to host and it is not associated with infection of offspring during pregnancy

A

horizontal transmission

74
Q

a transmission from one generation to the next through congenital infection

A

vertical transmission

75
Q
A

MicroPara (7 decks)

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