Pathogenesis of Infection L4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Saprophytes live on

A

Dead or decaying organic matter

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2
Q

Parasites are free living microorganisms
(T/F)

A

False

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3
Q

Where are saprophytes found?

A

They are found in soil and water

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4
Q

Which kind of microorganisms are of little relevance in infectious disease

A

Saprophytes

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5
Q

Microbes that can establish themselves and multiply in the hosts are

A

Parasites

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6
Q

Parasites may be either …… or ……

A

pathogens or commensal

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7
Q

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease is called

A

pathogenicity

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8
Q

Pathogens are divided in two types

A

True/primary
Opportunists

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9
Q

Capable of producing disease in previously healthy individuals with intact immunological defenses

A

True/Primary Pathogens

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10
Q

These bacteria are able to cause disease only when such defenses are impaired or compromised

A

Opportunist Pathogens

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11
Q

In which the typical or characteristic clinical
manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not present

A

Atypical infection

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12
Q

The organism remains in the tissues in a hidden form proliferate and produce clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered

A

Latent infection

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13
Q

Bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, form toxic products and cause high fever

A

Septicemia

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14
Q

A condition where pyogenic bacteria produce septicemia with multiple abscesses in internal organs such as the
spleen, liver and kidney

A

Pyemia

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15
Q

Types of carriers?

A

Convalescent
Healty
Incubatory
Temporary
Chronic

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16
Q

A healthy carrier is an individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill

A

Healthy carrier

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17
Q

An individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill

A

Incubatory carrier

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18
Q

An individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen

A

Convalescent carrier

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19
Q

Reservoir of infections

A

Human (case/carrier)
Animal
Insects
Soil and water
Food

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20
Q

Modes of Transmission of Infection

A

Contact (direct/Indirect)
Inhalation/Droplets/Respiratory
Ingestion
Inoculation
Insects
Congenital
Iatrogenic and Laboratory Infections

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21
Q

This term is often used to describe or compare species

A

Pathogenicity

22
Q

The degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism

A

Virulence

23
Q

This term is often used to describe or compare strains within a species

A

Virulence

24
Q

Name at least 7 Determinants of Virulence

A
  1. Transmissibility
  2. Adhesion
  3. Invasiveness
  4. Toxigenicity
  5. Avoidance of Host Defence Mechanisms
  6. Enzymes
  7. Plasmids
  8. Bacteriophages
  9. Communicability
  10. Infecting Dose
  11. Route of Infection
25
Q

Enzymes/Communicability/Adhesion/Invasiveness
are all

A

Determinants of Virulence

26
Q

Transmissibility/Toxigenicity/Infecting Dose/Route of Infection are all

A

Determinants of Virulence

27
Q

The attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces by

A

Adhesion

28
Q

Adhesion happen by

A

Structures such as fimbriae or fibrillae and pilli
Surface proteins

29
Q

Examples for surface proteins

A

Protein A (Staphylococcus aureus)
Protein M (Streptococcus pyogenes)

30
Q

May be produced by either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

A

Extotoxins

31
Q

Does not necessarily require the presence of the
bacteria in the host

A

Extotoxins

32
Q

Most exotoxins or endotoxins are peptide or protein

A

Exotoxins

33
Q

Most are heat sensitive

A

Exotoxins

34
Q

Classes of Exotoxins

A

Neurotoxic, cytotoxic, or enterotoxic

35
Q

Interfere with proper synaptic transmissions in neurons

A

Neurotoxins

36
Q

Inhibit specific cellular activities, such as protein
synthesis

A

Cytotoxins

37
Q

Interfere with water reabsorption in the large intestine; irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Enterotoxins

38
Q

Produced only by gram-negative bacteria

A

Endotoxins

39
Q

Are a component of the gram-negative cell wall.

A

Endotoxins

40
Q

The action of ……… requires the presence of the bacteria in the host

A

Endotoxins

41
Q

is composed of Lipid A: Part of the lipopolysaccharide layer

A

Endotoxin

42
Q

Mode of action: Irritation/inflammation of epithelium, GI irritation,
capillary/blood vessel inflammation, hemorrhaging

A

Endotoxin

43
Q

Generalized Stages of Infection

A

Entry of Pathogen
Colonization
Incubation Period
Prodromal Symptoms
Invasive period
Decline of Infection
Convalescence

44
Q

Colonization Usually occurs ?

A

at the site of entry

45
Q

Asymptomatic period

A

Incubation Period

46
Q

Between the initial contact with the microbe and the
appearance of the first symptoms

A

Incubation Period

47
Q

Initial Symptoms occur in which stage of infection?

A

Prodromal Symptoms

48
Q

Increasing Severity of Symptoms
Fever
Inflammation and Swelling
Tissue damage
Infection may spread to other sites

A

Invasive period

49
Q

A communicable disease that is easily spread from one individual to another.

A

Contagious Disease

50
Q

The disease which is constantly present in a particular area, e.g. typhoid fever is endemic in most parts of India.

A

Endemic

51
Q

The disease that spreads rapidly, involving many persons in a particular area at the same time

A

Epidemic Disease

52
Q

It is an epidemic that spreads through many areas of the world involving very large number of persons within a short period

A

Pandemic disease