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Microbiology > Mycobacteria L5 > Flashcards

Mycobacteria L5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Patogenic are
A. M.tuberculosis complex
B. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
C. Saprophytic Mycobacteria

A

M.tuberculosis complex

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2
Q

Potentially Patogenic are
M.tuberculosis complex
B. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
C. Saprophytic Mycobacteria

A

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria

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3
Q

Non Patogenic are
M.tuberculosis complex
B. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
C. Saprophytic Mycobacteria

A

Saprophytic Mycobacteria

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4
Q

Transmitted person to person (airborne, coughing of “smear-positive” people)

A

M. tuberculosis

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5
Q

What kind of MTC happens From cattle (Ingestion of contaminated milk)

A

M.bovis

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6
Q

What kind of MTC is Transmitted person to person

A

M. tuberculosis

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7
Q

Thin straight or slightly curved rods and They cannot be stained by simple stains

A

Tb

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8
Q

They can be stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain (Z.N.) (Acid-fast bacilli (Rods)

A

Tb

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9
Q

When stained they appear as thin pink rods arranged singly or in small groups in a contrasting blue background

A

Tb

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10
Q

high lipid content (approximately 60%) of their cell wall

A

Tb

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11
Q

They can be stained by fluorochrome stains such as auramine, rodamine

A

Tb

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12
Q

Cultural characters of TB

A

Strictly aerobic, 5-10% CO2

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13
Q

The medium of TB contains

A

Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium that contain complex nutrients (e.g., egg yolk) and dyes (e.g., Malachite green).

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14
Q

How fast does Tb grow

A

Slow growers, must be held for 6 to 8 weeks before being recorded as negative

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15
Q

The optimistic heat of TB is

A

37

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16
Q

Tb Cell wall Contains several complex lipids such as

A

Mycolic acids
Glycolipids

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17
Q

The proteins in TB are the antigens in the PPP used in

A

the tuberculin skin test

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18
Q

M. tuberculosis is relatively resistant to?

A

acids and alkalis

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19
Q

M. tuberculosis is resistant to ………

A

Dehydration

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20
Q

Tb survives in …… expectorated sputum

A

Dried

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21
Q

TB contains exotoxins and endotoxin in its cell wall
(T/F)

A

F

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22
Q

TB infects what in the human body?

A

Macrophages

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23
Q

Tb survives and multiplies within the ………

A

Phagosome

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24
Q

TB produces a protein in the phagosome that prevents ?

A

the phagosome from fusing with the lysosome, allowing the organism to escape the degradative
enzymes in the lysosome.

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25
Q

Pathogenesis of Tb is either one of three what are they?

A

Primary tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
Re-infection or Activation of latent TB infection

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26
Q

Occurs most commonly in the lung

A

Primary infection

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27
Q

Primary infection are characterized by

A

a small lesion called “Primary complex”

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28
Q

“Primary complex” consists of 2 components?

A

Ghons focus (T.B. granuloma)
Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis in the draining lymph node

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29
Q

Primary infection may also occur via the intestine with involvement of the?

A

mesenteric lymph node

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30
Q

What heals leaving the person immune and hypersensitive (i.e.) tuberculin positive

A

Primary lesion

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31
Q

Tuberculosis then became latent which may undergo what?

A

reactivation of an old primary lesion

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32
Q

Resistance to the organism is mediated by

A

cellular immunity

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33
Q

Whic patients are at much higher risk for reactivation of latent infection and disseminated, life-threatening tuberculosis. .

A

Patients deficient in cellular immunity, such as patients with (HIV)

34
Q

Approximately 90% infections with M.
tuberculosis are

A

asymptomatic (latent infections) can reactivate and cause symptomatic tuberculosis

35
Q

Symptoms of TB

A

Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight
loss are common

36
Q

dysuria, hematuria, flank pain “Sterile pyuria” are all symptoms of?

A

Renal tuberculosis

37
Q

cough and hemoptysis are all symptoms of?

A

Pulmonary tuberculosis

38
Q

Abdominal pain ,diarrhea Intestinal obstruction or hemorrhage may occur are symptoms of?

A

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis

39
Q

Positive tuberculin means?

A

exposure to organism

40
Q

Tuberculin skin test Interpretation depends on?

A

The measurement in millimeters (mm) of the
induration
The person’s risk of being infected with TB
and/or progression to disease if infected

41
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of TB

A

Specimen
Direct microscopic examination
Culture
Nucleic acid amplification tests
Susceptibility tests

42
Q

Culture might be either?

A

Traditional
Automated

43
Q

Radioactive metabolites are present, and growth can be detected by the production of radioactive carbon dioxide in about 2 weeks

A

Automated culture

44
Q

Can be used to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis directly in clinical specimens

A

Nucleic acid amplification test

45
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of TB by culture & molecular techniques is?

A

Susceptibility tests

46
Q

In the case of Diagnosis of latent infections There are two approaches what are they?

A

Tuberculin skin test
Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)

47
Q

In the case of which latent infection diagnosis the Blood cells from the patient are exposed to antigens from M. tuberculosis, then amount of interferon-γ released from the cells is measured.

A

Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)

48
Q

What is used to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant mutants during the long duration of treatment??

A

Multidrug therapy

49
Q

Treatment for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is with three drugs?

A

Isoniazid ,rifampin, and pyrazinamide

50
Q

Resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin

A

Multidrug resistant

51
Q

Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, a fluoroquinolone, and at least one additional drug

A

Extended drug resistant TB

52
Q

the failure of patients to complete the full course of therapy is a major factor in?

A

in allowing the resistant organisms to survive

53
Q

the failure of patients to complete the full course of therapy

A

Noncompliance

54
Q

One approach to the problem of noncompliance is

A

directly observed therapy

55
Q

Applying proper infection control measures in
hospitals. Avoid overcrowding, good
ventilation ,Pasteurization of milk are all

A

Prevention from TB

56
Q

Medical Importance of Plasmids

A

Drug Resistance
Bacteriocin Production
Virulence Plasmids
Biochemical activities
Plasmids encoding for protective functions to the bacterial cell

57
Q

Plasmids may carry genes for bacteriocin production for example

A

E.coli

58
Q

……… are Proteinaceous or peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain

A

Bacteriocins

59
Q

Can carry genes that code for production of exotoxins

A

Virulence plasmids

60
Q

Plasmids may carry genes for sugar fermentation like Galactose fermentation

A

Biochemical activities

61
Q

Plasmids encoding for protective functions to the bacterial cell

A

Protection against radiation damage by radiation e,g. UV.

62
Q

Are changes in the bacterial characters under the influence of the environment with no underlying genetic change

A

Phenotypic variations

63
Q

It is reversible and not heritable

A

Phenotypic variations

64
Q

Due to change in nucleotide sequence of the DNA by e.g. Mutation or Gene transfer

A

Genotypic variation

65
Q

It is heritable and stable (irreversible)

A

Genotypic variation

66
Q

This is due to change in the sequence of bases in DNA double helix

A

Mutation

67
Q

this result in a mutant (variant) with a new character which is heritable and usually irreversible

A

Mutation

68
Q

Gene Transfer

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

69
Q

The transfer of naked DNA (released from the donor cell to the medium) to another cell recipient cell.

A

Transformation

70
Q

Transformation may occur either …… or ……

A

Naturally or artificially

71
Q

Steps of Transformation

A

Release of DNA Then Uptake of DNA

72
Q

It is the process by which DNA fragment is transferred from one bacterium to
another by means of a virus (bacteriophage)

A

Transduction

73
Q

direct contact between the donor (male) cell and the recipient (female) cell

A

Conjugation

74
Q

Conjugation leads to what?

A

leads to establishment of a cytoplasmic bridge between both cells, and transfer of part or whole genome to the recipient cell

75
Q

The donor cell is called

A

F+ cell

76
Q

after conjugation the donor cell remains … while the recipient cell changes from … to
… cells

A

F+/F-/F+

77
Q

Which method is one of the important mechanisms of drug resistance

A

Conjugation

78
Q

Mechanism of F+ x F- Crosses?

A

Pair formation
DNA transfer

79
Q

Mechanisms of Drug resistance

A
  1. Change the metabolic pathway that by passes the reactions inhibited by the drug
  2. Produce enzymes that destroy the drug
  3. Alter their receptor target for the drug
  4. Change their permeability to the drug
80
Q

Spontaneous mutation in a gene that controls
susceptibility to drug

A

Chromosomal resistance

81
Q

Plasmids carry genes control the formation of enzymes capable of destroying the drug

A

Extrachromosomal resistance (plasmids)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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