Pathogenesis Of Infection Flashcards
1
Q
“Genesis” means?
A
Origin
2
Q
It is the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease by local cellular injury, secretion of toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host
A
Infection
3
Q
4 types of infection
A
- Autogenous
- Iatrogenic
- Opportunistic
- Nosocomial
4
Q
Cause by microorganism from the microbiota of the individual
A
Autogenous infection
5
Q
An infection that occurs as the result of medical treatment or medical procedures
A
Iatrogenic infection
6
Q
An infection in immunocompromised hosts that do not cause disease in individuals with a normal immune system. It may due to overuse of antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs and chemotherapeutic agents
A
Opportunistic infection
7
Q
Known as the hospital acquired infection.
A
Nosocomial infection
8
Q
Cornerstone of modern infection control programs
A
Hand washing
9
Q
4 common Nosocomial Imfections
A
- UTI
- Lung Infection (Pneumonia)
- Surgical site infection
- Blood stream infection
10
Q
Predisposing factors to Nosocomial Infection
A
- Wide variety of microbes in hospital environment
2 weakened or immunocompromised patients - Chain of transmission (direct or indirect)
11
Q
Examples of Chain transmission
A
- From health workers to patient
- From patient to patient
- Fomites (catheters, needles,dressings, beds, wheelchairs)
- Airborne transmission
- Vector-borne transmission
12
Q
Types of infection according to distribution in the host
A
Local infection
Focal infection
Systemic (Generalized infection)
13
Q
It means signs and symptoms are confined to one area. Such as infected wound, boils, abscess, and acne.
A
Local infection
14
Q
It starts as a local infection and spread to other parts of the body
A
Focal infection
15
Q
Microbes are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph ( general invasion )
A
Systemic (Generalized infection)
16
Q
It is the presence of bacteria in the blood
A
Bacteremia
17
Q
It is the active multiplication of bacteria in the blood
A
Septicemia
18
Q
It is a condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the blood stream and localized at different parts of the body
A
Pyemia
19
Q
It is the presence of toxins in the blood
A
Toxemia
20
Q
Is an initial infection causing the illness
A
Primary infection
21
Q
It is caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened host immune system
A
Secondary infection
22
Q
Is clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable illness in the host before suddenly causing severe and acute infectiom
A
Latent infection
23
Q
Other name for latent infection
A
Silent phase
24
Q
It is caused by two or more organisms
A
Mixed infections
25
Is a type of infection that develops and progress slowly
Acute infection
26
An infection which develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms
Chronic infection
27
Routes of infection
Direct transmission
| Indirect transmission
28
Examples of direct transmission
Congenital contact
Sexual contact
Hand-to-hand transmission
Infectious respiratory secretion or droplets
29
Examples of indirect transmission
Fomites
Water
Arthropod vectors
30
It is a specific illness or disorder characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms attributable to hereditary, infection, diet or environment
Disease
31
Classification of infectious diseases
Communicable
Contagious
Non-communicable
32
It is spread from one host to another, directly or indirectly such as TB, herpes, AIDS, chicken pox mumps, polio and hepatitis
Communicable disease
33
It is spread from one person to another such as chicken pox and measles
Contagious disease
34
It is not spread from host to another. Caused by microbes that live outside the body or by opportunistic pathogens that live inside the body
Non-communicable disease
35
Classification of disease as to occurence
Sporadic disease
Endemic disease
Epidemic disease
Pandemic disease
36
It occurs occasionally
Sporadic disease
37
Constantly present in a particular location or population
Endemic disease
38
Many people acquire the disease in a particular location or population
Epidemic disease
39
An epidemic that spans the world
Pandemic disease
40
These are objective changes that can be measured
Signs
41
These are subjective feelings not obvious to a person
Symptoms
42
Is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease
Syndrome
43
Phases of infectious diseases
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal period
3. Clinical/illness period
4. Decline period
5. Convalescent period/period of recovery
44
Time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms
Incubation period
45
Is the appearance of the signs and symptoms
Prodromal period
46
Is the peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease
Clinical/illness period
47
Is the period wherein the signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host condition improves
Decline period
48
Is the full recovery of the surviving host
Convalescent period/ period of recovery
49
Predisposing factors (disease):
```
Age
Genetic factors
Climate and weather
Nutrition
Fatigue/stress
Environment
Lifestyle
Age
Occupation
```
50
Microorganisms that cause infection and/or disease
Pathogens
51
Pertains to the ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in a susceptible individual
Pathogenicity
52
2 general classes of Pathogenic Microorganisms
True Pathogens
| Opportunistic Pathogens
53
They ate able to invade the tissues of healthy individuals through some inherent ability (power) of their own
True pathogens
54
Organisms that normally do not cause disease in their natural habitat in a healthy person--- they may cause disease if the host is weakened or if they enter a different part of the body
Opportunistic pathogens
55
Organism that causes meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
56
True or False: E. Coli can cause UTI
True
57
Is the association of two organisms living together
Symbiosis
58
Is a symbiotic relationship where both the host and organism benefit from one another
Mutualism
59
Is a relationship where the organism benefits, but there is mo beneficial or harmful effect to the host
Commensalism
60
Is a relationship where the organism benefits at the expense of the host
Parasitism
61
Is a key component in bacterial pathogenesis, and is complex interaction between host, indwelling device and bacteria
Biofilm production
62
Power of the microorganisms to produce disease. It is the degree of pathogenicity.
Virulence
63
It pertains to a very pathogenic microorganism or rapidly progressive condition.
Virulent
64
Factors influencing microbial virulence
Toxic factors
Enzymatic factors
Cellular factors
65
Poisonous substances produced by pathogenic microorganisms
Toxins
66
Ability to produce toxic substances
Toxigenicity
67
These are produced by bacteria such as coagulase, collagenase, and hemolysin
Enzymatic factors
68
True or False: Capsule resists phagocytosis
True
69
Host resistant factors
```
Physical barriers
Cleansing mechanism
Antimicrobial substances
Indigenous/normal microbial flora
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Immune response
```
70
True or False: The skin serves as the physical and chemical barrier to microorganisms
True
71
Give one example of physical barrier
Stricture at the urethral opening
Flushing action of urination
Thick mucus plug in the cervical opening
72
A cleansing mechanism that contributes to the removal of potentially infective agents
Cough-sneeze reflex
73
Examples of cleansing mechanism
Sweeping of particles by the ciliary epith
| Flushing of tears and urine
74
Examples of antimicrobial substances
Lysozyme
| Bile salts
75
A antimicrobial substance that destroy bacterial cell wall
Lysozymes
76
A antimicrobial substance that disrupt bacterial membranes
Bile salts
77
These are microorganisms that are commonly found on or in our body sites of healthy persons. They compete with pathogens for nutrients and space
Indigenous/ normal microbial flora
78
Inhabit and multiply; colonize an area for months or years
Resident flora
79
Inhabit but do not multiply; colonize an area temporarily
Transient flora
80
Microorganisms found in the mouth and oral cavity
Viridans streptococci
81
Microorganisms found in the upper respiratory tract
Viridans streptococci
S. Epidermidis
diptheroids
82
Microorganisms found in the nasopharynx
S. aureus
S. epidemidis
N. meningitidis
83
Microorganisms found in the colon
E. coli
Bacteriodes
Lactobacillus
84
Microorganisms found in the urethra
Diptheroids
S. epidermidis
Alpha and nonhemolytic streptococci
85
Process by which certain cells engulf and dispose off microorganisms and cell debris
Phagocytosis
86
These cells ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles
Phagocytes ( polymorphonuclesr leukocytes and macrophages )
87
Cells ingest bacteria by a process known as?
Endocytosis
88
Plays an important role as a reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissues and organs
Inflammation
89
Signs of inflammation
Swelling
Redness
Heat
Pain
90
Components of inflammation
Phagocytes
Complement system
Coagulation system
Cytokines
91
Hallmark of inflammatiom
Accumulation of phagocytic cells
92
Provides the human host with the ability to mount a specific protective response to the presence of microorganism
Immune response
93
The normal immune system clears bacteria from the blood within how many minutes
30-45 minutes
94
4 types of immune response
Innate/ natural immunity
Adaptive/ specific immunity
Humoral immune response (antibodies)
Cell-mediated immune response
95
Produced by B cells in response to presence of foreign molecules
Humoral immune response
96
Produced by T cells
Cell-mediated immune response
97
5 Immunoglobulin
```
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
```
98
Immunoglobulin seen in secretion
IgA
99
Biggest immunoglobulin, appears 1st in the 1st exposure
IgM
100
It is the source or cause of an illness or abnormal condition
Pathogenesis
101
2 arms of specific immunity
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
| Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
102
It is based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies that occur in the body fluids and on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
103
Is based on the action of specific kinds of T lymphocytes that directly attack cells infected with viruses or parasites, cancer cells or transplanted cells
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
104
Is the protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases by administration of vaccines
Active immunization
105
It is administered to individuals exposed to certain pathogens that cause diseases such as botulism, diptheria, hepatitis, measles, rabies and tetanus
Passive immunization
106
Is a non- specific response which activates chemotaxis, the process by which phagocytes are directed to the site of proliferation and engulf invading organism
Natural (innate) immunity
107
Is the specific response of the host to an invading organism
Acquired active immunity
108
These are antibodies attached to the surface of microorganisms and render pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonizing antibodies
109
These are antibodies attached to the surface of microorganisms and block surface receptors
Neutralizing antibodies
110
These are antibodies attached to the surface of pathogens and destroy antibodies by lysis
Complement-fixing antibodies
111
Is a major genetically determined change in the antigenic character of a pathogen which may result to not being recognized by the host's immune system
Antigenic shift
112
Is a minor antigenic change as a result of mutation in pathogen strains, and facilities the pathogen avoids host immune responses
Antigenic drift
113
Is the ability of B lymphocytes to recall pathogens during primary exposure, thus second exposure elicits higher antibody response
Anamnestic response
114
Infectious agent factors
```
Adherence
Proliferation
Tissue damage
Production of toxins
Invasion
Dissemination
```
115
What are the main adhesins in the bacteria
Pili (fimbriae)
| Surface polysaccharides
116
Inhibits proliferation
Secretory antibody
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme
117
Is a result of either preformed toxin or disruption of the normal functioning of the cells
Tissue damage
118
2 types of toxins
Exotoxin
| Endotoxin
119
These are among the most lethal substances known; specific and more limited; present in Gram-positive bacteria
Exotoxin
120
Toxin gene is commonly encoded by
Phages
Plasmids
Transposons
121
These are composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell wall; present in Gram-negative bacteria
Endotoxin
122
True or False: Endotoxin stimulates the fever center in the hypothalamus
True
123
In the production of fever, 5 substances are important:
```
Endotoxin
Peptidoglycan
Cytokines
Interlukin-1 and tissue necrosis factor
Acute phase reactants
```
124
The process of penetrating and growing inside in tissues
Invasion
125
The spread of organisms to distant sites
Dissemination
126
Respiratory spread of infectious disease is common. Secretion are aerolized by coughing, sneezing and talking
Airborne transmission
127
Small residues from the evaporation fluid fro, larger droplets and are light enough to remain airborne for long periods
Droplet nuclei
128
True or False: Infections of the lower respiratory tract are more common but less serious than those of the upper respiratory tract
False
| Less, more
129
Infections occur via the fecal-oral route
Transmission by food and water
130
True or False: gastric enzymes and juices in the stomach act to prevent survival of most organisms
True
131
It refers to passage of organisms by salivary, skim, and genital contact
Close contact
132
Infection by the normal flora of the mouth
Bites
133
Where infectious agent multiply, then feeds off human host and transmits the microorganism
Arthropods
134
It depends on the contact with animals or animal by-product
Zoonoses
135
Study of occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease and injury
Epidemiology
136
Person or animal who harbors and spreads a microorganism that causes disease but who does not become ill
Carrier
137
It harbors the microorganism temporarily for a few days or weeks
Casual/acute/ transient carrier
138
It remains infected for relatively long time, sometimes throughout life
Chronic carrier
139
Is an individual who has recovered from infection but continues to harbor large numbers of the pathogen
Convalescent carrier
140
Is an individual who has an overt clinical case of the disease
Active carrier
141
When an organisms or disease is constantly present in a population
Endemic
142
When a disease affects significantly large number of people at the same time in a geographic area
Epidemic
143
Is an epidemic over a large are affecting tens of millions of people
Pandemic
144
Is the number of times a new event occurs in a given period
Incidence rate
145
Time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms
Incubation period
146
Is the number of cases of a disease in a specified population during a defined time interval
Morbidity rate
147
Is the number of deaths due to a disease in a population
Mortality rate
148
Source of an infection, may be a person, animal pr something in the environment
Reservoir
