Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Pathogenesis Of Infection > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Of Infection Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

“Genesis” means?

A

Origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease by local cellular injury, secretion of toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of infection

A
  1. Autogenous
  2. Iatrogenic
  3. Opportunistic
  4. Nosocomial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cause by microorganism from the microbiota of the individual

A

Autogenous infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An infection that occurs as the result of medical treatment or medical procedures

A

Iatrogenic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An infection in immunocompromised hosts that do not cause disease in individuals with a normal immune system. It may due to overuse of antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs and chemotherapeutic agents

A

Opportunistic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Known as the hospital acquired infection.

A

Nosocomial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cornerstone of modern infection control programs

A

Hand washing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 common Nosocomial Imfections

A
  1. UTI
  2. Lung Infection (Pneumonia)
  3. Surgical site infection
  4. Blood stream infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Predisposing factors to Nosocomial Infection

A
  1. Wide variety of microbes in hospital environment
    2 weakened or immunocompromised patients
  2. Chain of transmission (direct or indirect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Chain transmission

A
  1. From health workers to patient
  2. From patient to patient
  3. Fomites (catheters, needles,dressings, beds, wheelchairs)
  4. Airborne transmission
  5. Vector-borne transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of infection according to distribution in the host

A

Local infection
Focal infection
Systemic (Generalized infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

It means signs and symptoms are confined to one area. Such as infected wound, boils, abscess, and acne.

A

Local infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It starts as a local infection and spread to other parts of the body

A

Focal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microbes are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph ( general invasion )

A

Systemic (Generalized infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

It is the presence of bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

It is the active multiplication of bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It is a condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the blood stream and localized at different parts of the body

A

Pyemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

It is the presence of toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is an initial infection causing the illness

A

Primary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It is caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened host immune system

A

Secondary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable illness in the host before suddenly causing severe and acute infectiom

A

Latent infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Other name for latent infection

A

Silent phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It is caused by two or more organisms

A

Mixed infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is a type of infection that develops and progress slowly

A

Acute infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

An infection which develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms

A

Chronic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Routes of infection

A

Direct transmission

Indirect transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Examples of direct transmission

A

Congenital contact
Sexual contact
Hand-to-hand transmission
Infectious respiratory secretion or droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of indirect transmission

A

Fomites
Water
Arthropod vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

It is a specific illness or disorder characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms attributable to hereditary, infection, diet or environment

A

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Classification of infectious diseases

A

Communicable
Contagious
Non-communicable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

It is spread from one host to another, directly or indirectly such as TB, herpes, AIDS, chicken pox mumps, polio and hepatitis

A

Communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

It is spread from one person to another such as chicken pox and measles

A

Contagious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

It is not spread from host to another. Caused by microbes that live outside the body or by opportunistic pathogens that live inside the body

A

Non-communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Classification of disease as to occurence

A

Sporadic disease
Endemic disease
Epidemic disease
Pandemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

It occurs occasionally

A

Sporadic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Constantly present in a particular location or population

A

Endemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Many people acquire the disease in a particular location or population

A

Epidemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

An epidemic that spans the world

A

Pandemic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

These are objective changes that can be measured

A

Signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

These are subjective feelings not obvious to a person

A

Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease

A

Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Phases of infectious diseases

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Clinical/illness period
  4. Decline period
  5. Convalescent period/period of recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms

A

Incubation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Is the appearance of the signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Is the peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease

A

Clinical/illness period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Is the period wherein the signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host condition improves

A

Decline period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is the full recovery of the surviving host

A

Convalescent period/ period of recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Predisposing factors (disease):

A 
Age
Genetic factors
Climate and weather
Nutrition
Fatigue/stress
Environment
Lifestyle
Age
Occupation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Microorganisms that cause infection and/or disease

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Pertains to the ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in a susceptible individual

A

Pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

2 general classes of Pathogenic Microorganisms

A

True Pathogens

Opportunistic Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

They ate able to invade the tissues of healthy individuals through some inherent ability (power) of their own

A

True pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Organisms that normally do not cause disease in their natural habitat in a healthy person— they may cause disease if the host is weakened or if they enter a different part of the body

A

Opportunistic pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Organism that causes meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

True or False: E. Coli can cause UTI

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Is the association of two organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Is a symbiotic relationship where both the host and organism benefit from one another

A

Mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Is a relationship where the organism benefits, but there is mo beneficial or harmful effect to the host

A

Commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Is a relationship where the organism benefits at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

61
Q

Is a key component in bacterial pathogenesis, and is complex interaction between host, indwelling device and bacteria

A

Biofilm production

62
Q

Power of the microorganisms to produce disease. It is the degree of pathogenicity.

A

Virulence

63
Q

It pertains to a very pathogenic microorganism or rapidly progressive condition.

A

Virulent

64
Q

Factors influencing microbial virulence

A

Toxic factors
Enzymatic factors
Cellular factors

65
Q

Poisonous substances produced by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Toxins

66
Q

Ability to produce toxic substances

A

Toxigenicity

67
Q

These are produced by bacteria such as coagulase, collagenase, and hemolysin

A

Enzymatic factors

68
Q

True or False: Capsule resists phagocytosis

A

True

69
Q

Host resistant factors

A 
Physical barriers
Cleansing mechanism
Antimicrobial substances
Indigenous/normal microbial flora
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Immune response
70
Q

True or False: The skin serves as the physical and chemical barrier to microorganisms

A

True

71
Q

Give one example of physical barrier

A

Stricture at the urethral opening
Flushing action of urination
Thick mucus plug in the cervical opening

72
Q

A cleansing mechanism that contributes to the removal of potentially infective agents

A

Cough-sneeze reflex

73
Q

Examples of cleansing mechanism

A

Sweeping of particles by the ciliary epith

Flushing of tears and urine

74
Q

Examples of antimicrobial substances

A

Lysozyme

Bile salts

75
Q

A antimicrobial substance that destroy bacterial cell wall

A

Lysozymes

76
Q

A antimicrobial substance that disrupt bacterial membranes

A

Bile salts

77
Q

These are microorganisms that are commonly found on or in our body sites of healthy persons. They compete with pathogens for nutrients and space

A

Indigenous/ normal microbial flora

78
Q

Inhabit and multiply; colonize an area for months or years

A

Resident flora

79
Q

Inhabit but do not multiply; colonize an area temporarily

A

Transient flora

80
Q

Microorganisms found in the mouth and oral cavity

A

Viridans streptococci

81
Q

Microorganisms found in the upper respiratory tract

A

Viridans streptococci
S. Epidermidis
diptheroids

82
Q

Microorganisms found in the nasopharynx

A

S. aureus
S. epidemidis
N. meningitidis

83
Q

Microorganisms found in the colon

A

E. coli
Bacteriodes
Lactobacillus

84
Q

Microorganisms found in the urethra

A

Diptheroids
S. epidermidis
Alpha and nonhemolytic streptococci

85
Q

Process by which certain cells engulf and dispose off microorganisms and cell debris

A

Phagocytosis

86
Q

These cells ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

A

Phagocytes ( polymorphonuclesr leukocytes and macrophages )

87
Q

Cells ingest bacteria by a process known as?

A

Endocytosis

88
Q

Plays an important role as a reinforcement mechanism against microbial survival and proliferation in tissues and organs

A

Inflammation

89
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Swelling
Redness
Heat
Pain

90
Q

Components of inflammation

A

Phagocytes
Complement system
Coagulation system
Cytokines

91
Q

Hallmark of inflammatiom

A

Accumulation of phagocytic cells

92
Q

Provides the human host with the ability to mount a specific protective response to the presence of microorganism

A

Immune response

93
Q

The normal immune system clears bacteria from the blood within how many minutes

A

30-45 minutes

94
Q

4 types of immune response

A

Innate/ natural immunity
Adaptive/ specific immunity
Humoral immune response (antibodies)
Cell-mediated immune response

95
Q

Produced by B cells in response to presence of foreign molecules

A

Humoral immune response

96
Q

Produced by T cells

A

Cell-mediated immune response

97
Q

5 Immunoglobulin

A 
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
98
Q

Immunoglobulin seen in secretion

A

IgA

99
Q

Biggest immunoglobulin, appears 1st in the 1st exposure

A

IgM

100
Q

It is the source or cause of an illness or abnormal condition

A

Pathogenesis

101
Q

2 arms of specific immunity

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

102
Q

It is based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies that occur in the body fluids and on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

103
Q

Is based on the action of specific kinds of T lymphocytes that directly attack cells infected with viruses or parasites, cancer cells or transplanted cells

A

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

104
Q

Is the protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases by administration of vaccines

A

Active immunization

105
Q

It is administered to individuals exposed to certain pathogens that cause diseases such as botulism, diptheria, hepatitis, measles, rabies and tetanus

A

Passive immunization

106
Q

Is a non- specific response which activates chemotaxis, the process by which phagocytes are directed to the site of proliferation and engulf invading organism

A

Natural (innate) immunity

107
Q

Is the specific response of the host to an invading organism

A

Acquired active immunity

108
Q

These are antibodies attached to the surface of microorganisms and render pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis

A

Opsonizing antibodies

109
Q

These are antibodies attached to the surface of microorganisms and block surface receptors

A

Neutralizing antibodies

110
Q

These are antibodies attached to the surface of pathogens and destroy antibodies by lysis

A

Complement-fixing antibodies

111
Q

Is a major genetically determined change in the antigenic character of a pathogen which may result to not being recognized by the host’s immune system

A

Antigenic shift

112
Q

Is a minor antigenic change as a result of mutation in pathogen strains, and facilities the pathogen avoids host immune responses

A

Antigenic drift

113
Q

Is the ability of B lymphocytes to recall pathogens during primary exposure, thus second exposure elicits higher antibody response

A

Anamnestic response

114
Q

Infectious agent factors

A 
Adherence
Proliferation
Tissue damage
Production of toxins
Invasion
Dissemination
115
Q

What are the main adhesins in the bacteria

A

Pili (fimbriae)

Surface polysaccharides

116
Q

Inhibits proliferation

A

Secretory antibody
Lactoferrin
Lysozyme

117
Q

Is a result of either preformed toxin or disruption of the normal functioning of the cells

A

Tissue damage

118
Q

2 types of toxins

A

Exotoxin

Endotoxin

119
Q

These are among the most lethal substances known; specific and more limited; present in Gram-positive bacteria

A

Exotoxin

120
Q

Toxin gene is commonly encoded by

A

Phages
Plasmids
Transposons

121
Q

These are composed of the lipopolysaccharide portion of the cell wall; present in Gram-negative bacteria

A

Endotoxin

122
Q

True or False: Endotoxin stimulates the fever center in the hypothalamus

A

True

123
Q

In the production of fever, 5 substances are important:

A 
Endotoxin
Peptidoglycan 
Cytokines
Interlukin-1 and tissue necrosis factor
Acute phase reactants
124
Q

The process of penetrating and growing inside in tissues

A

Invasion

125
Q

The spread of organisms to distant sites

A

Dissemination

126
Q

Respiratory spread of infectious disease is common. Secretion are aerolized by coughing, sneezing and talking

A

Airborne transmission

127
Q

Small residues from the evaporation fluid fro, larger droplets and are light enough to remain airborne for long periods

A

Droplet nuclei

128
Q

True or False: Infections of the lower respiratory tract are more common but less serious than those of the upper respiratory tract

A

False

Less, more

129
Q

Infections occur via the fecal-oral route

A

Transmission by food and water

130
Q

True or False: gastric enzymes and juices in the stomach act to prevent survival of most organisms

A

True

131
Q

It refers to passage of organisms by salivary, skim, and genital contact

A

Close contact

132
Q

Infection by the normal flora of the mouth

A

Bites

133
Q

Where infectious agent multiply, then feeds off human host and transmits the microorganism

A

Arthropods

134
Q

It depends on the contact with animals or animal by-product

A

Zoonoses

135
Q

Study of occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease and injury

A

Epidemiology

136
Q

Person or animal who harbors and spreads a microorganism that causes disease but who does not become ill

A

Carrier

137
Q

It harbors the microorganism temporarily for a few days or weeks

A

Casual/acute/ transient carrier

138
Q

It remains infected for relatively long time, sometimes throughout life

A

Chronic carrier

139
Q

Is an individual who has recovered from infection but continues to harbor large numbers of the pathogen

A

Convalescent carrier

140
Q

Is an individual who has an overt clinical case of the disease

A

Active carrier

141
Q

When an organisms or disease is constantly present in a population

A

Endemic

142
Q

When a disease affects significantly large number of people at the same time in a geographic area

A

Epidemic

143
Q

Is an epidemic over a large are affecting tens of millions of people

A

Pandemic

144
Q

Is the number of times a new event occurs in a given period

A

Incidence rate

145
Q

Time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms

A

Incubation period

146
Q

Is the number of cases of a disease in a specified population during a defined time interval

A

Morbidity rate

147
Q

Is the number of deaths due to a disease in a population

A

Mortality rate

148
Q

Source of an infection, may be a person, animal pr something in the environment

A

Reservoir

Microbiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions