pathobiochemistry of nitrogen metabolism

Question 1

causes defects in heme synthesis?

Answer 1

• Iron deficiency
• Lead toxicosis
• lack of succinyl - CoA

Question 2

pathogenesis of lead toxicosis?

Answer 2

inhibits enzymes of heme synthesis

neurotoxic effects

Therapy: EDTA

Question 3

what are Porphyrias?

Answer 3

disturbed heme synthesis - primarily in humans

Question 4

causes of porphyrias?

Answer 4

• hereditary
• stress
• puberty
• pregnancy
• alcohol consumption
• low energy diet

Question 5

symptoms of porphyrias?

Answer 5

• weakness
• abdominal pain
• ostipation
• limb numbness

Question 6

therapy of porphyrias?

Answer 6

symptomatic

elimination of causes

Question 7

what is icterus or jaundice?

Answer 7

hyperbilirubinaemia

Question 8

types of icterus?

Answer 8

1. pre-hepatic (intensive intravasal haemolysis)
2. hepatic (hepatic dysfunction)
3. post hepatic (obstructed biliary ducts)

Question 9

babesiosis symptoms?

Answer 9

• mostly acute
• pre - hepatic icterus
• haemolytic anaemia
• bilirubinuria

Question 10

what is the common source of leptospirosis infection?

Answer 10

urine of rodents

Question 11

caused of obstructed biliary duct (post hepatic icterus)

Answer 11

• gall stones in cattle and humans
• Dog, cat: pancreatitis, pancreatic tumor compressing duct

Question 12

what is uricosis?

Answer 12

endproduct of purine degradation

• Reptiles, birds, primates: uric acid
• Mammals: allantoin

Question 13

features of uric acid?

Answer 13

• poorly soluble in water
• precipitates on serosal membranes in kidneys and joints
• uricosis/ gout

Question 14

features of uricosis/ gout?

Answer 14

• Granuloma formation
• painful joint inflammation
• tightened functions of the kidneys

therapy: allopurinol

Question 15

which species of dog suffers mostly from urolithiasis?

Answer 15

Dalmations

Question 16

features of urolithiasis?

Answer 16

• normally uric acid if taken up by the hepatocytes
• in the dalmation the fast transport can be damaged
• meaning a large amount of uric acid is excreted + acidic urine
• leading to inflammation of the urinary tract + difficulties urinating

Question 17

symptoms of urolithiasis in dalmations?

Answer 17

• bloody urine
• tenesmus

(uric acid crystals in urinary tract)

Question 18

features of portosystemic shunt?

Answer 18

• Congenital
  
  • intrahepatic
    
    • larger dog breeds
  • Extrahepatic
    
    • smaller dog breeds
• Aquired

Question 19

pathogenesis and symptoms of portosystemic shunt?

Answer 19

• portosystemic (hepatic) encephalopathia
  
  • neurological symptoms
• Liver atrophy
• uric acid crystals - urinary symptoms

Question 20

treatment of PSS?

Answer 20

• conservative
  
  • decreased dietary protein and fibre
  • probiotics
  • lactulose
  • antibiotics
• Surgical