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Pathobiochemistry > Dysfunctions of carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

Dysfunctions of carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

list the major diseases of carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Xylitol toxicosis
  3. Hypoglycaemia of hunting dogs
  4. Equine paralytic myoglobulinuria
  5. Heritable enzyme deficiencies
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2
Q

features of diabetes mellitus

A

Blood glucose permanently exceeding 7.5 mmol/l

in non-ruminant mammals

absolute or relative insulin deficiencies

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3
Q

insulin resistance, obesity, pancreatic tumor, pancreatitis, autoimmune diseases are so called ……?

A

diabetogen factors

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4
Q

the two forms of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. type I - insulin dependant DM (IDDM)
  2. type II - non- insulin dependant (NIDDM)
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5
Q

features of DM type I

A

insulin dependant

primer dysfunction of insulin secretion

responds to insulin treatment

Occurence: in young animals or after pancreatic disease

Dogs: mostly type I

Cats: 50%

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6
Q

features of DM type II

A

occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose

or the decreased ability of the body to use insulin

occurs in Obesity

secondry diabetes type II cn occur in dogs

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7
Q

DM pathogenesis?

A

no glucose uptake by the cells

energy deficiency

  1. intense lipid mobilisation - hyperlipidaemia
  2. intensive gluconeogenesis
  3. intensive lipolysis and B-oxdation - Ketosis
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8
Q

name the glucose transporters?

A

Glut - 1: RBCs (brain etc.)

Glut - 2 :Liver: pancreatic B-cells etc.

Glut - 3: Primarily brain

Glut - 4: muscle and adipose tissue (Insulin dependant)

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9
Q

location of GLUT - 4 transporters?

A

muscle and adipose tissue

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10
Q

elevated blood glucose level?

A

hyperglycaemia

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11
Q

glucose in the urine

A

glucosuria

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12
Q

osmotic diuresis?

A

polyurea

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13
Q

kidneys can be damages in DM causing?

A

chronic renal failure

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14
Q

symptoms of DM?

A

polyuria - polydypsia

Glucosuria

Fatigue

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15
Q

Lab experimentations for DM?

A
  • Blood: increased glucose, ketone bodies, triacyl glyceride

increased ALT, AST

  • Urine: glucose and protein
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16
Q

consequences of chronic diabetes?

A

formation of glycated proteins

damage to vessels, nerves and retina

asteroid hyalosis

17
Q

therapy for DM?

A

setting of blood glucose level

insulin therapy

special diet

18
Q

Hypoglycaemia?

A

blood glucose levels falling below 3 mmol/l

(non-ruminant mammals)

19
Q

feature of dolphins and diabetes?

A

dolphins can switch diabetes (insulin resistance) on and off

maintain a high glucose conc. in the blood at night when not feeding

20
Q

what is xylitol?

A

an artificial sweetner

21
Q

the toxic effects of xylitol in dogs?

A

increased insulin secretion: Hyperinsulinaemia and hypoglycaemia

liver failure

22
Q

treatment of xylitol poisoning?

A

acute lifethreatening care needed

glucose inf.

liver protection, liquid therapy

23
Q

cause of occurence of hypoglycaemia of hunting dogs?

A
  • extreme physical exercise
  • low ambient temperature
  • improper nutrition
24
Q

pathogenesis of hypoglycaemia in hunting dogs?

A

high glucose demand by muscles during work

leads to hypoglycemia

which can cause CNS symptoms

25
Q

symptoms of hypoglycaemia of hunting dogs?

A
  • orientation problems
  • problems chewing and swallowing
  • spasms
  • paralysis and coma
26
Q

treatment of hypoglycaemia of hunting dogs?

A
  • drying of fur and warming up
  • per os glucose
  • intensive care may be required
    • glucose infusion
    • spasms: diazepam, barbiturates
    • brain odema: mannit, furosemide
27
Q

occurence of tying up/monday morning sickness?

A

working horses

sports horses

(weekend rest followed by sudden loading + oxidative stress)

28
Q

pathogenesis of equine paralytic myoglobinuria?

A
  • weekend rest = forage based diet without work - storage of high amount of glycogen in muscles
  • sudden loading = intensive glycogenolysis = lactate accumulation
  • which leads to oxidative stress in muscles
  • damage to sarcolemma - freeing myoglobin from muscle cells
  • damage of muscle cells causes paralytic symptoms
  • potential genetic predisposition
29
Q

secondary effect of myoglobinuria?

A

acute renal failure

acidosis

30
Q

symptoms of tying up?

A

within 1 hour after starting work

  • laying down, dog like sitting - the horse wants to stand but cannot
  • muscles are firm and painful
  • thigh muscles most affected
  • myoglobinuria - urine is reddish and dark
  • AST and creatinine kinase increased in the blood
31
Q

therapy of myoglobinuria?

A
  • Kidney protection - fluid therapy + electrolytes for treatment of acidosis
  • pain relief (NSAIDs)
  • steroids (in acute phase)
  • Antioxidant treatment
32
Q

prevention of equine paralytic myoglobinuria?

A
  • rest period - moderate feeding - high fibre low forage diet
  • gradual step by step loading (warming up)

Pathobiochemistry (5 decks)

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