Patho week one Flashcards
Stuff
What is Pathophysiology?
The study of the physiologic changes in the
body resulting from a disease state
What is the 1 lead to disease?
Inability to
maintain
homeostasis
2 lead to disease
Microscopic
Cellular
Changes
What is the 3rd reason for disease?
Widespread
impact on
bodily
function
Sites for cellular protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids
Smooth ER vs. Rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processing and packaging of proteins into usable shapes,
network of smooth membranes
Golgi Apparatus
Sacs contain enzymes for digestion. Cellular injury causes release of
lysosomal enzymes leading to cellular self-destruction.
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the cell.” Generate cellular energy (ATP).
Involved in osmotic regulation, pH control, calcium homeostasis & cellular signaling
Cellular Receptors
Ligands - Small molecules that bind with cellular receptors to activate
Cellular Receptors
Plasma membrane receptors- Protein molecules that can recognize and bind with ligands
Atrophy
Decrease in cellular size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cellular size
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
Dysplasia
Deranged cellular growth
Metaplasia
Replacement of one type of cell with another
When does Cellular Injury occur?
Occurs if cell unable to maintain
homeostasis
External Causes of Cell Injury
1.Physical Agents
2. Radiation
3. Chemical
4. Biological
5. Nutritional
What in injury is the single most common cause of cellular injury
▫ Issue: Cells cannot produce energy (ATP)
Hypoxic injury
Reduced amount of oxygen in the air causes what?
Causes hypoxia
Diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems causes what?
Causes of hypoxia
Decreased production of red blood cells causes what?
Causes of hypoxia
Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy
of hemoglobin causes what?
Causes of hypoxia
What percentage of total body weight is ICF and ECF
– ICF 2/3
– ECF 1/3
WHAT DOES ONOTIC MEAN?
Mean to pull
What does hydrostatic mean?
TO push out
Which hormonal regulation promotes water retention
–RAAS
–Aldosterone
–ADH or antidiuretic hormone
What hormone regulation promotes water excretion?
–Natriuretic
What is triggered by dehydration?
-Osmoreceptors
-volume receptors
-baroreceptors
-Chemoreceptors
-Osmoreceptors
-volume receptors
-baroreceptors
How does the RAAS System respond to dehydration?
1) ↓ Circulating blood volume causes decreased blood flow to kidney
2) ADH released by posterior pituitary
3) Renin is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
…converts Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I
4) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) supplied by the lungs
…converts Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II
Which then stimulates the release of aldosterone
What measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water?
Osmolality
Range of isotonic solution
0 - 1000
280 - 294
What does Isotonic fluid loss cause? and how to treat it?
Hypovolemia or dehydration
Treat with isotonic fluids
What doe isotonic fluid excess cause? How do you treat it?
Hypervolemia
Treat with fluid restriction
What are symptoms of Hypervolemia?
Weight gain and higher blood pressure
Pulmonary edema and crackles heard in lungs
Increased neck veins
On the PH scale do acids or alkaline have more hydrogens?
Acids
What device uses x-ray technology to visualize contrast dye move through blood vessels?
Angiogram
What device produces complex images from multiple angles using x-ray tech
Computed
Tomography (CT)
Scan
What device provides detailed image of soft tissue using radio waves and magnet tech
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
What device uses radioactive tracer highlights normal and abnormal metabolic activity
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) Scan
What device is non-invasive tool to create images of soft tissue and blood vessels:
Ultrasound or sonography
What device Combines Ultrasound and Doppler technology to show
blood flow?
Duplex Ultrasonography
