Patho Unit1

Question 1

Thinking pathophysiologically:

Answer 1

how it is supposed to happen (health) and what has gone wrong

Question 2

Components of ICF:

Answer 2

K+, PO4-, anions (including proteins with negative charges)

Question 3

components of ECF:

Answer 3

Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, nutrients, glucose, albumin

Question 4

extracellular fluid is __% of TBW in adults and __ % in children

Answer 4

40, 60 making a child’s body water more at “risk” of loss since most of it is outside the cell

Question 5

what can pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 5

water (through pores), lipids (and lipid-solube substances), gases

Question 6

what cannot pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 6

most charged particles and water soluble (proteins, carbs, non-lipids)

Question 7

sequence of multiple enzymatic steps in order

Answer 7

metabolism

Question 8

what do buffers do?

Answer 8

resist change

Question 9

anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm

Answer 9

glycolysis

Question 10

Prokaryotes

Answer 10

Organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles & a defined nucleus; usually single-celled; eg. bacteria

Question 11

Eukaryotes

Answer 11

Organisms with membrane-bound organelles with a defined nucleus. eg. human and animals.

Question 12

breathing in and out of lungs

Answer 12

ventilation

Question 13

digestion in the cell

Answer 13

respiration

Question 14

used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen

Answer 14

cytochrome

Question 15

any chemical substance that binds to a receptor

Answer 15

ligands

Question 16

Chemical Buffer

Answer 16

Carbonic anhydrase system.

Question 17

Respiratory Buffer

Answer 17

Type of volatile buffer in which C02 (carbonic acid) is removed from the body via pulmonary ventilation.

Question 18

Renal Buffer

Answer 18

Metabolic buffer in which kidneys excrete acid or alkaline in titratable (fixed) amounts; More powerful than respiratory action.

Question 19

The part of the gene that provides the information code to make the protein is called

Answer 19

exon

Question 20

is in protein and nucleic acid

Answer 20

nitrogen

Question 21

eu- means

Answer 21

normal

Question 22

Acid

Answer 22

Results from call chemical activity; pH below 7 (lower pH has more H+); gives up H+

Question 23

Base/Alkaline

Answer 23

pH above 7; accepts H+

Question 24

Conformation

Answer 24

3D structure/configuration of a protein; determines a protein’s functional properties; changing conformation disrupts protein structure and therefore function.

Question 25

pH range of blood?

Answer 25

7.38 - 7.42 (7.4 is optimal)

Question 26

What is pH?

Answer 26

A mathematical measurement of the relative amount of acid (H+) in a solution.

Question 27

Electrolytes

Answer 27

Charged particles in living systems.

Question 28

Anions

Answer 28

Negatively charged particles. eg. Cl-, HC03-

Question 29

Cations

Answer 29

Positively charged particles. eg. Na+, Ca2+

Question 30

Ligand

Answer 30

any substance or chemical that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs (exogenous), antigens, etc.

Question 31

genes in sequence that are making a series of enzymes that are making a metabolic pathway

Answer 31

operon

Question 32

percentage of times the allele will affect the phenotype

Answer 32

variable penetrance

Question 33

variable expressivity:

Answer 33

expresses the trait in different degrees

Question 34

tell the cell to fix itself or to kill itself if something goes wrong

Answer 34

proto- oncogenes

Question 35

mutated proto-oncogene that allows the formation of cancer

Answer 35

oncogene

Question 36

tiny changes in DNA that produce differences in people

Answer 36

SNPs

Question 37

Ligand

Answer 37

any substance that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, antigens, etc.

Question 38

Cellular Receptors

Answer 38

Protein molecules located in/on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, DNA, etc. They can recognize and bind ligands and can activate second messengers.

Question 39

Endocrine signaling pathway

Answer 39

Hormones travel through bloodstream to affect remote cells over long distances. eg. insulin affecting all somatic cells.

Question 40

Paracrine signaling pathway

Answer 40

"contact signaling" by local chemical transmitters; local chemical mediators affect local cells. eg. histamine

Question 41

Synaptic signaling pathway

Answer 41

NTs are released by neurons at the synaptic junction. eg. ACh at neuromuscular junction causes muscle contraction.

Question 42

Metabolism

Answer 42

A sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

Question 43

Nucleus

Answer 43

Largest organelle enclosed my nuclear envelope (membrane); contains genetic information in the form of DNA; contains nucleolus where ribosomes are made.

Question 44

Ribosomes

Answer 44

RNA-protein complexes that are made in the nucleus and sent to the cytoplasm. Involved in protein synthesis.

Question 45

Rough E.R.

Answer 45

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins.

Question 46

Smooth E.R.

Answer 46

Endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes; involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids.

Question 47

Gogli apparatus/complex

Answer 47

The processing area of the cell where substances are packaged for transport.

Question 48

Lysosomes

Answer 48

Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that breakdown substances.

Question 49

Peroxisomes

Answer 49

Vesicles containing oxidative enzymes; function in cellular metabolism.

Question 50

Mitochondria

Answer 50

Energy factory for the cell where ATP is produced from oxidative respiration.

Question 51

Cytoskeleten

Answer 51

Structural components of the cell consisting of protein microtubules and microfilaments; also includes cilia, flagella and centrioles.

Question 52

Anabolism

Answer 52

The building up, storage, or synthesis of new matter.

Question 53

Catabolism

Answer 53

Breaking down and utilizing stored materials for energy.