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PathoPharm > Patho Unit1 > Flashcards

Patho Unit1 Flashcards

1
Q

Thinking pathophysiologically:

A

how it is supposed to happen (health) and what has gone wrong

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2
Q

Components of ICF:

A

K+, PO4-, anions (including proteins with negative charges)

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3
Q

components of ECF:

A

Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, nutrients, glucose, albumin

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4
Q

extracellular fluid is __% of TBW in adults and __ % in children

A

40, 60 making a child’s body water more at “risk” of loss since most of it is outside the cell

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5
Q

what can pass through the cell membrane?

A

water (through pores), lipids (and lipid-solube substances), gases

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6
Q

what cannot pass through the cell membrane?

A

most charged particles and water soluble (proteins, carbs, non-lipids)

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7
Q

sequence of multiple enzymatic steps in order

A

metabolism

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8
Q

what do buffers do?

A

resist change

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9
Q

anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles & a defined nucleus; usually single-celled; eg. bacteria

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11
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms with membrane-bound organelles with a defined nucleus. eg. human and animals.

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12
Q

breathing in and out of lungs

A

ventilation

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13
Q

digestion in the cell

A

respiration

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14
Q

used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen

A

cytochrome

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15
Q

any chemical substance that binds to a receptor

A

ligands

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16
Q

Chemical Buffer

A

Carbonic anhydrase system.

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17
Q

Respiratory Buffer

A

Type of volatile buffer in which C02 (carbonic acid) is removed from the body via pulmonary ventilation.

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18
Q

Renal Buffer

A

Metabolic buffer in which kidneys excrete acid or alkaline in titratable (fixed) amounts; More powerful than respiratory action.

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19
Q

The part of the gene that provides the information code to make the protein is called

A

exon

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20
Q

is in protein and nucleic acid

A

nitrogen

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21
Q

eu- means

A

normal

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22
Q

Acid

A

Results from call chemical activity; pH below 7 (lower pH has more H+); gives up H+

23
Q

Base/Alkaline

A

pH above 7; accepts H+

24
Q

Conformation

A

3D structure/configuration of a protein; determines a protein’s functional properties; changing conformation disrupts protein structure and therefore function.

25
Q

pH range of blood?

A

7.38 - 7.42 (7.4 is optimal)

26
Q

What is pH?

A

A mathematical measurement of the relative amount of acid (H+) in a solution.

27
Q

Electrolytes

A

Charged particles in living systems.

28
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged particles. eg. Cl-, HC03-

29
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged particles. eg. Na+, Ca2+

30
Q

Ligand

A

any substance or chemical that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs (exogenous), antigens, etc.

31
Q

genes in sequence that are making a series of enzymes that are making a metabolic pathway

A

operon

32
Q

percentage of times the allele will affect the phenotype

A

variable penetrance

33
Q

variable expressivity:

A

expresses the trait in different degrees

34
Q

tell the cell to fix itself or to kill itself if something goes wrong

A

proto- oncogenes

35
Q

mutated proto-oncogene that allows the formation of cancer

A

oncogene

36
Q

tiny changes in DNA that produce differences in people

A

SNPs

37
Q

Ligand

A

any substance that can bind to a receptor; could be hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, antigens, etc.

38
Q

Cellular Receptors

A

Protein molecules located in/on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, DNA, etc. They can recognize and bind ligands and can activate second messengers.

39
Q

Endocrine signaling pathway

A

Hormones travel through bloodstream to affect remote cells over long distances. eg. insulin affecting all somatic cells.

40
Q

Paracrine signaling pathway

A

“contact signaling” by local chemical transmitters; local chemical mediators affect local cells. eg. histamine

41
Q

Synaptic signaling pathway

A

NTs are released by neurons at the synaptic junction. eg. ACh at neuromuscular junction causes muscle contraction.

42
Q

Metabolism

A

A sequence of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

43
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle enclosed my nuclear envelope (membrane); contains genetic information in the form of DNA; contains nucleolus where ribosomes are made.

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

RNA-protein complexes that are made in the nucleus and sent to the cytoplasm. Involved in protein synthesis.

45
Q

Rough E.R.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins.

46
Q

Smooth E.R.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes; involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids.

47
Q

Gogli apparatus/complex

A

The processing area of the cell where substances are packaged for transport.

48
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that breakdown substances.

49
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Vesicles containing oxidative enzymes; function in cellular metabolism.

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy factory for the cell where ATP is produced from oxidative respiration.

51
Q

Cytoskeleten

A

Structural components of the cell consisting of protein microtubules and microfilaments; also includes cilia, flagella and centrioles.

52
Q

Anabolism

A

The building up, storage, or synthesis of new matter.

53
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down and utilizing stored materials for energy.

PathoPharm (4 decks)

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