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PathoPharm > Patho/Pharm Unit 2/3 > Flashcards

Patho/Pharm Unit 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

in charge of rapid functions and activities

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

for slower, but more long-acting, functions and activities

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

brain and the spinal cord

A

CNS

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4
Q

what does the PNS include

A

somatic NS, autonomic NS, and enteric

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5
Q

digestive functions, some muscular functions of the gut

A

enteric

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6
Q

voluntary control of skeletal muscle (voluntary movements and ambulation)

A

somatic

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7
Q

involuntary functions - 2 divisions with opposing actions on the body

A

autonomic NS

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8
Q

crisis response, fight or flight, catabolic, counter-regulatory

A

sympathetic NS

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9
Q

rest and repair, anabolic, regulatory

A

parasympathetic NS

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10
Q

carry information from the environment and the body to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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11
Q

what pathway involves sensory neurons?

A

ascending (afferent) pathway

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12
Q

how do sensory neurons travel?

A

up the dorsal (back) of the spinal cord

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13
Q

carry information away from the CNS to the body

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

what pathway involves motor neurons?

A

descending (efferent) pathway

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15
Q

how do motor neurons travel?

A

down the ventral (front) of the spinal cord

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16
Q

connect the neurons to each other

A

associational neurons

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17
Q

what is the direction of the electrical impulse transmitting info in the neuron?

A

soma to axon

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18
Q

a group of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion

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19
Q

neuron cell bodies inside the CNS that are grouped closely together and are responsible for one function

A

nuclei

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20
Q

where are memories formed?

A

hippocampus

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21
Q

long-term storage for memories

A

prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

how is damage to the brain repaired?

A

sprouting of axons from existing cells and by neuroplasticity (remapping of the brain)

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23
Q

cell body

A

soma

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24
Q

extension away from the soma, with or without a covering of myelin sheath

A

axon

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25
Q

chemicals released by the axon at the destination

A

neurotransmitters

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26
Q

location of the neuron’s destination, where it meets up with another cell

A

synapse

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27
Q

what do NT’s interact with at the synapse?

A

receptors

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28
Q

effector cell, muscle, or gland

A

end organ

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29
Q

where do axons originate?

A

axon hillock

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30
Q

what do axons do?

A

carry impulses one way, away from the soma (efferent); carried as action potentials

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31
Q

end of axon that swells up into synaptic knobs or terminal buttons

A

axon terminus

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32
Q

larger, faster axons due to insulating properties of myelin

A

myelinated axons

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33
Q

cells in the peripheral NS that product myelin to cover neurons and help their function

A

Schwann cells

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34
Q

help keep the brain neurons healthy

A

glial cells

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35
Q

more rapid impulse transmission from one node of Ranvier to the next along the axon

A

saltatory conduction

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36
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

where there is no myelin

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37
Q

slower conduction, smaller fibers, no saltatory conduction

A

non-myelinated axons

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38
Q

keep the neurons healthy or support their function

A

supporting cells

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39
Q

star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons

A

atrocyte (astroglia)

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40
Q

digest dead neurons

A

microglia

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41
Q

provide myelin to neurons in the CNS

A

oligodendroglia

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42
Q

physical support for neurons in the PNS

A

satellite cells

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43
Q

make myelin for PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

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44
Q

what form is stored energy created in?

A

electrical polarity

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45
Q

stored energy by the neuron cell body

A

resting potential

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46
Q

the cell is ____ inside and ____ outside the cell membrane

A

negative; positive

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47
Q

electrical polarity is created by the _____.

A

Na-K pump

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48
Q

depolarization phase

A

stimulus arrives at the cell and changes the permeability of the membrane so sodium comes into the cell. this changes the resting potential to become more positive inside. once it reaches threshold, and action potential results.

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49
Q

repolarization phase

A

sodium channels close, and the potassium leaves the cell. eventually returns to resting membrane potential

50
Q

refractory phase

A

during this period, even with an incoming stimulus, the cell will NOT respond

51
Q

the change in polarity is propagated down the ____.

A

axon

52
Q

where are NT’s stored?

A

synaptic terminal

53
Q

three types of NT’s

A

inhibitory, excitatory, both

54
Q

the brain normally _____ the spinal cord

A

inhibits

55
Q

involved in reflexes that occur automatically outside of our conscious control

A

spinal cord

56
Q

abnormal reflexes that represent spinal cord reflexes that should have been suppressed

A

DISinhibition

57
Q

the brain regions communicate with each other via _______.

A

neural circuits

58
Q

cells are named by the type of NT they produce and their activity is often felt by many areas of the brain via ______.

A

projections

59
Q

include glycine & GABA

A

neutral AA (inhibitory)

60
Q

main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

GABA

61
Q

main excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate

62
Q

acidic AA are _____.

A

excitatory

63
Q

ACh uses G-protein linked receptors called _______.

A

cholinergic

64
Q

two types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

65
Q

where is ACh used?

A

cognitive pathways

66
Q

implicated in pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, AD/HD

A

monoamines

67
Q

“reward” pathway and addiction. usually inhibitory but can also be excitatory

A

dopamine

68
Q

inhibitory. affects regions in pons/brainstem, to regulate: sleep induction, mood and anxiety, temp control, neuroendocrine system. a deficiency may cause depression.

A

serotonin

69
Q

excitatory. increases focus and enhances executive functions.

A

norepinephrine

70
Q

derived from cleaving a very large compound called POMC.

A

opiate neuropeptides

71
Q

stimulate cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

72
Q

stimulates melanocytes and skin darkening

A

MSH

73
Q

involved in pain transmission

A

substance P

74
Q

stimulates food intake, synthesis inhibited by leptin from adiopocytes

A

somatostatin, neuropeptide Y

75
Q

hypothalamic thermoregulation, brain blood flow

A

histamine

76
Q

interact with the endocrine and immune system. implicated in metabolic regulation via neuroendocrine actions

A

cannabinoids

77
Q

the brain receives ____% of cardiac output

A

20 (900 ml/min); makes it a vital organ

78
Q

cognition, sensory procession, motor control, memory. includes telencephalon and diencephalon.

A

forebrain

79
Q

cerebrum and basal ganglia

A

telencephalon

80
Q

major sensory processing

A

thalamus

81
Q

maintaing the internal environment

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

formation of new memories

A

hippocampus

83
Q

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

A

limbic system (mood, sleep, eating, sex)

84
Q

motor functions, awareness, auditory, visual, autonomic. includes tegmentum and colliculi.

A

midbrain (mesencephalon)

85
Q

substantia nigra, red nucleus, periacqueductal gray matter, reticular formation

A

tegmentum (staying awake)

86
Q

visual

A

colliculi

87
Q

equilibrium, balance, coordination, autonomic functions (breathing and heart rate). includes cerebellum, pons, and medulla.

A

hindbrain

88
Q

balance and coordination

A

cerebellum

89
Q

autonomic functions such as breathing, cardiovascular (blood pressure, HR)

A

pons, medulla

90
Q

CNS that controls respiration and circulation with “centers.” includes both the midbrain and hindbrain

A

brainstem

91
Q

usual substrate for energy production

A

glucose

92
Q

other possible substrates

A

mannose, maltose, keto-acids

93
Q

brain cells are totally dependent on ______.

A

aerobic metabolism

94
Q

where does the blood supple to the brain come from?

A

anterior and posterior neck, rising up into the brain with two vessels anteriorly (carotids) and two vessels posteriorly (basilar).

95
Q

connects the carotid and basilar incoming blood flow

A

circle of willis

96
Q

the CSF is monitored for _________.

A

acid levels and oxygen levels

97
Q

systolic BP < 60

A

cerebral hypoperfusion

98
Q

systolic BP > 200

A

cerebral hyperperfusion

99
Q

what creates the blood brain barrier?

A

neuroglia and tight junctions

100
Q

brain areas without the BBB

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal

101
Q

what enters BBB easily?

A

lipid soluble, water, gases

102
Q

what has difficult entry to BBB?

A

proteins, electrolytes, large molecules

103
Q

pathways or neural circuits

A

tracts

104
Q

nerves leaving the end

A

cauda equina

105
Q

travels throughout the central portion of cord

A

central canal

106
Q

white matter

A

axons of tracts (white = myelin)

107
Q

gray matter

A

contrains neuron cell bodies (soma)

108
Q

bulging areas of the cord

A

“horns”

109
Q

somatic motor outflow

A

ventral horn efferents

110
Q

autonomic motor outflow of the ANS

A

lateral horn efferents

111
Q

sensory neurons and tracts

A

dorsal horn afferents

112
Q

how are spinal tracts named?

A

where they start —> where they end up

113
Q

“crossing over”

A

decussation

114
Q

a potential space above the first layer of meninges which has a negative pressure

A

epidural space

115
Q

1st layer of meninge, includes the periosteum and the inner dura

A

dura mater (“tough mother”)

116
Q

divide the two brain hemispheres and anchors the brain to the skull

A

falx cerebri

117
Q

below the dura mater, contains blood vessels

A

subdural space

118
Q

2nd layer of meninge.

A

arachnoid membrane

119
Q

forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles)

A

subarachnoid space

120
Q

last meninge layer and has the choroid plexuses that make the CSF

A

pia mater

121
Q

cover the skull and are continuous down the spinal cord

A

spinal meninges

PathoPharm (4 decks)

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