Patho/Pharm Unit 2/3 Flashcards
1
Q
in charge of rapid functions and activities
A
the nervous system
2
Q
for slower, but more long-acting, functions and activities
A
endocrine system
3
Q
brain and the spinal cord
A
CNS
4
Q
what does the PNS include
A
somatic NS, autonomic NS, and enteric
5
Q
digestive functions, some muscular functions of the gut
A
enteric
6
Q
voluntary control of skeletal muscle (voluntary movements and ambulation)
A
somatic
7
Q
involuntary functions - 2 divisions with opposing actions on the body
A
autonomic NS
8
Q
crisis response, fight or flight, catabolic, counter-regulatory
A
sympathetic NS
9
Q
rest and repair, anabolic, regulatory
A
parasympathetic NS
10
Q
carry information from the environment and the body to the CNS
A
sensory neurons
11
Q
what pathway involves sensory neurons?
A
ascending (afferent) pathway
12
Q
how do sensory neurons travel?
A
up the dorsal (back) of the spinal cord
13
Q
carry information away from the CNS to the body
A
motor neurons
14
Q
what pathway involves motor neurons?
A
descending (efferent) pathway
15
Q
how do motor neurons travel?
A
down the ventral (front) of the spinal cord
16
Q
connect the neurons to each other
A
associational neurons
17
Q
what is the direction of the electrical impulse transmitting info in the neuron?
A
soma to axon
18
Q
a group of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
A
ganglion
19
Q
neuron cell bodies inside the CNS that are grouped closely together and are responsible for one function
A
nuclei
20
Q
where are memories formed?
A
hippocampus
21
Q
long-term storage for memories
A
prefrontal cortex
22
Q
how is damage to the brain repaired?
A
sprouting of axons from existing cells and by neuroplasticity (remapping of the brain)
23
Q
cell body
A
soma
24
Q
extension away from the soma, with or without a covering of myelin sheath
A
axon
25
chemicals released by the axon at the destination
neurotransmitters
26
location of the neuron's destination, where it meets up with another cell
synapse
27
what do NT's interact with at the synapse?
receptors
28
effector cell, muscle, or gland
end organ
29
where do axons originate?
axon hillock
30
what do axons do?
carry impulses one way, away from the soma (efferent); carried as action potentials
31
end of axon that swells up into synaptic knobs or terminal buttons
axon terminus
32
larger, faster axons due to insulating properties of myelin
myelinated axons
33
cells in the peripheral NS that product myelin to cover neurons and help their function
Schwann cells
34
help keep the brain neurons healthy
glial cells
35
more rapid impulse transmission from one node of Ranvier to the next along the axon
saltatory conduction
36
nodes of Ranvier
where there is no myelin
37
slower conduction, smaller fibers, no saltatory conduction
non-myelinated axons
38
keep the neurons healthy or support their function
supporting cells
39
star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons
atrocyte (astroglia)
40
digest dead neurons
microglia
41
provide myelin to neurons in the CNS
oligodendroglia
42
physical support for neurons in the PNS
satellite cells
43
make myelin for PNS neurons
Schwann cells
44
what form is stored energy created in?
electrical polarity
45
stored energy by the neuron cell body
resting potential
46
the cell is ____ inside and ____ outside the cell membrane
negative; positive
47
electrical polarity is created by the _____.
Na-K pump
48
depolarization phase
stimulus arrives at the cell and changes the permeability of the membrane so sodium comes into the cell. this changes the resting potential to become more positive inside. once it reaches threshold, and action potential results.
49
repolarization phase
sodium channels close, and the potassium leaves the cell. eventually returns to resting membrane potential
50
refractory phase
during this period, even with an incoming stimulus, the cell will NOT respond
51
the change in polarity is propagated down the ____.
axon
52
where are NT's stored?
synaptic terminal
53
three types of NT's
inhibitory, excitatory, both
54
the brain normally _____ the spinal cord
inhibits
55
involved in reflexes that occur automatically outside of our conscious control
spinal cord
56
abnormal reflexes that represent spinal cord reflexes that should have been suppressed
DISinhibition
57
the brain regions communicate with each other via _______.
neural circuits
58
cells are named by the type of NT they produce and their activity is often felt by many areas of the brain via ______.
projections
59
include glycine & GABA
neutral AA (inhibitory)
60
main inhibitory NT in the brain
GABA
61
main excitatory NT in the brain
glutamate
62
acidic AA are _____.
excitatory
63
ACh uses G-protein linked receptors called _______.
cholinergic
64
two types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
65
where is ACh used?
cognitive pathways
66
implicated in pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, AD/HD
monoamines
67
"reward" pathway and addiction. usually inhibitory but can also be excitatory
dopamine
68
inhibitory. affects regions in pons/brainstem, to regulate: sleep induction, mood and anxiety, temp control, neuroendocrine system. a deficiency may cause depression.
serotonin
69
excitatory. increases focus and enhances executive functions.
norepinephrine
70
derived from cleaving a very large compound called POMC.
opiate neuropeptides
71
stimulate cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
ACTH
72
stimulates melanocytes and skin darkening
MSH
73
involved in pain transmission
substance P
74
stimulates food intake, synthesis inhibited by leptin from adiopocytes
somatostatin, neuropeptide Y
75
hypothalamic thermoregulation, brain blood flow
histamine
76
interact with the endocrine and immune system. implicated in metabolic regulation via neuroendocrine actions
cannabinoids
77
the brain receives ____% of cardiac output
20 (900 ml/min); makes it a vital organ
78
cognition, sensory procession, motor control, memory. includes telencephalon and diencephalon.
forebrain
79
cerebrum and basal ganglia
telencephalon
80
major sensory processing
thalamus
81
maintaing the internal environment
hypothalamus
82
formation of new memories
hippocampus
83
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
limbic system (mood, sleep, eating, sex)
84
motor functions, awareness, auditory, visual, autonomic. includes tegmentum and colliculi.
midbrain (mesencephalon)
85
substantia nigra, red nucleus, periacqueductal gray matter, reticular formation
tegmentum (staying awake)
86
visual
colliculi
87
equilibrium, balance, coordination, autonomic functions (breathing and heart rate). includes cerebellum, pons, and medulla.
hindbrain
88
balance and coordination
cerebellum
89
autonomic functions such as breathing, cardiovascular (blood pressure, HR)
pons, medulla
90
CNS that controls respiration and circulation with "centers." includes both the midbrain and hindbrain
brainstem
91
usual substrate for energy production
glucose
92
other possible substrates
mannose, maltose, keto-acids
93
brain cells are totally dependent on ______.
aerobic metabolism
94
where does the blood supple to the brain come from?
anterior and posterior neck, rising up into the brain with two vessels anteriorly (carotids) and two vessels posteriorly (basilar).
95
connects the carotid and basilar incoming blood flow
circle of willis
96
the CSF is monitored for _________.
acid levels and oxygen levels
97
systolic BP < 60
cerebral hypoperfusion
98
systolic BP > 200
cerebral hyperperfusion
99
what creates the blood brain barrier?
neuroglia and tight junctions
100
brain areas without the BBB
pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal
101
what enters BBB easily?
lipid soluble, water, gases
102
what has difficult entry to BBB?
proteins, electrolytes, large molecules
103
pathways or neural circuits
tracts
104
nerves leaving the end
cauda equina
105
travels throughout the central portion of cord
central canal
106
white matter
axons of tracts (white = myelin)
107
gray matter
contrains neuron cell bodies (soma)
108
bulging areas of the cord
"horns"
109
somatic motor outflow
ventral horn efferents
110
autonomic motor outflow of the ANS
lateral horn efferents
111
sensory neurons and tracts
dorsal horn afferents
112
how are spinal tracts named?
where they start ---> where they end up
113
"crossing over"
decussation
114
a potential space above the first layer of meninges which has a negative pressure
epidural space
115
1st layer of meninge, includes the periosteum and the inner dura
dura mater ("tough mother")
116
divide the two brain hemispheres and anchors the brain to the skull
falx cerebri
117
below the dura mater, contains blood vessels
subdural space
118
2nd layer of meninge.
arachnoid membrane
119
forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles)
subarachnoid space
120
last meninge layer and has the choroid plexuses that make the CSF
pia mater
121
cover the skull and are continuous down the spinal cord
spinal meninges
