Patho Unit 5 Flashcards

Question

Action of Opioids

Answer 1

Within the posterior (dorsal) horn, receptors for opioids shut off pain signal at synapses - Reduce the release of pain transmitters (Substance P and Glutamate) - Reduce the response of postsynaptic cells (block Nitric Oxide NO)

Answer 2

- Protective mechanism against bodily harm - Transient, usually lasting seconds to days - Autonomic nervous system stimulated (increased heart rate, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils) - Classified as Somatic and Visceral

Answer 3

Superficial and well-localized pain | - Sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing

Answer 4

Pain in internal organs and linings of body cavities - Poorly localized, aching, gnawing, throbbing, cramping - Often radiates from original site

Answer 5

Your mind constructs a rough map of where your organs are, depending on what nerve roots are shared with information coming in from skin and organs. Based on this the brain decides where pain is "referred" to.

Answer 6

Pain lasting 3-6 months or well beyond normal healing time - Doesn't respond to usual therapy - Dysregulation of nociception and pain modulation - Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated brain atrophy leading to decreased ability to cope with pain

Answer 7

- Low back - Postoperative - Cancer - Hyperesthesia - Hemiagnosia

Answer 8

Increased sensitivity and decreased pain threshold to tactile and painful stimuli

Answer 9

Loss of ability to identify source of pain on one side of the body - Associated with stroke

Answer 10

- Interrelated chronic pain syndromes - Borders between them aren't clear - Compression of trigger points cause referred pain, movement disorders, and autonomic responses - Little is known, and only effective treatment is antidepressants

Answer 11

Chronic pain characterized as burning, shooting, shock-like, or tingling - Caused by primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system - Leads to long term changes in pain pathway structure and abnormal processing of sensory function - Hyperalgesia and Allodyina

Answer 12

Abnormally heightened sensitivity to pain

Answer 13

Pain from stimuli that are not normally painful

Answer 14

Trauma or disease to one or more peripheral nerves | - Nerve Entrapment

Answer 15

Nerves that are compressed or entrapped | - ex: Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

Answer 16

Lack of nutrition to nerve axons damages them | - Pain receptors activated and "always on"

Answer 17

Phantom Pain - Brain perceives pain in amputated limb - Obviously no receptors exist - Recent studies suggest this is because of reorganization of the somatosensory cortex and "fight" for brain territory in remaining areas (ex: right leg info tries to occupy space vacated by right arm after amputation)

Answer 18

37° C / 98.6° F | - Controlled by the Hypothalamus

Answer 19

Resetting of the "Hypothalamic Thermostat" to a higher setting by Exogenous/Endogenous Pyrogens - During fever, factors are released to help diminish the febrile response in a (-) feedback loop - Endogenous cryogens released

Answer 20

Bacteria | - Destroyed and absorbed by phagocytes

Answer 21

Inflammation - Stimulate increased metabolism and body temp - Interleukin 1 - Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) - Interferons

Answer 22

Set the hypothalamic thermostat back to normal when fever breaks - Argenine Vasopressin

Answer 23

- Kills some organisms directly, and affects the growth of others by sequestering needed nutrients (iron, copper and zinc) - Promotes lysosomal breakdown with autodestruction of cells to prevent viral replication in infected cells - Increases lymphocyte transformation and phagocyte motility

Answer 24

Overheating, causes nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and cell death - 41° C / 105.8° F produces convulsions - 43° C / 109.4° F causes death - Heat cramps, exhaustion, and stroke are forms of accidental hyperthermia

Answer 25

Spasmodic cramps in abdomen and limb muscles related to prolonged sweating and sodium loss - Usually in people not accustomed to warm climates - May be accompanied by fever, rapid pulse, and increased blood pressure - Administer dilute salt solutions

Answer 26

Collapse due to prolonged high body core or environmental temperature - Cause hypothalamic induction of large-scale vasodilation and profuse sweating - Dehydration, hypovolemia (low blood volume), decreased cardiac output, hypotension, and tachycardia - Individual feels weak, dizzy, nauseated, and faint - Treat with warm fluids to replace fluid loss

Answer 27

Breakdown of thermoregulatory control (the brain doesn't tolerate temps >40° C / 104° F) - Sweating ceases, skin becomes dry, internal core temp rises rapidly - Leads to vascular collapse - Causes Rhabdomyolysis - Death will result without gentile cooling (rapid cooling is dangerous, causing peripheral vasoconstriction and prevents core cooling)

Answer 28

The degeneration of the CNS and muscles

Answer 29

Extreme cold, causes depression of CNS and respiratory symptoms - Cognitive and muscular processes become sluggish, chemical reactions slows, increases blood viscosity, encourages coagulation and vasoconstriction and can lead to ischemic tissue damage - In severe cases, ice crystals form on the inside of cell causing lysis and death - Hypothalamic center stimulates shivering to increase heat production

Answer 30

Gradual re-warming of tissues is required - Superficial - Core rewarming with warm IV fluids, gastric or peritoneal lavage, or inhalation of warmed gases

Answer 31

Protects the brain by reduction in metabolic rate, ATP consumption, and reduces critical threshold for oxygen delivery

Answer 32

- Both have difficulties with temp regulation - Infants have little subcutaneous fat, greater ratio of body surface to body weight, inability to shiver - Elderly have slow blood circulation, slowed activity levels, decreased shivering, slowed metabolic rate, and decreased vasoconstrictor response and ability to sweat

Answer 33

Rapid Eye Movement - Occurs about every 90 minutes - Roughly equivalent to dream sleep - Body is paralyzed, eyes move

Answer 34

Stages 1 (light sleep) through 4 (deep sleep)

Answer 35

Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep and disorders of excessive sleeping - Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, and Narcolepsy

Answer 36

Inability to fall or stay asleep - Long therm insomnia may be associated with drug or alcohol abuse, chronic pain disorders, chronic depression, use of certain drugs, obesity, and aging

Answer 37

- Lack of breathing during sleep (at least 10 seconds between breaths) - Can be central or obstructing apnea or a combination - Produces low O2 saturation, pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia, cyanosis, edema, and right-sided heart failure - Treatment: weight loss, O2 therapy (CPAP), respiratory stimulant, surgery to relieve the obstruction

Answer 38

Symptoms: - Periods of extreme drowsiness for ~15 minutes every 3-4 hours - Dream-like hallucinations during the transition from sleep to wakefulness - Inability to move at both sleeping and waking transitions - Often includes cataplexy

Answer 39

Loss of muscle tone while awake | - Can be triggered by emotional excitement

Answer 40

Unusual behaviors during sleep | - Somnambulism, Night Terrors, and Enuresis

Answer 41

Sleep walking - Individual functions at a very low level of arousal with no memory of the event - Individuals can end up in dangerous situations - Usually occurs in children during the first third of the night and resolves over time

Answer 42

Characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness - Patient awakens abruptly gasping, moaning, or screaming - No memory of the episode (nightmares can usually be recalled) - Calm the person and convince them to "go back to sleep" (they are already in stage 4 sleep)

Answer 43

"Bed-wetting" - Occurs when a child is difficult to arouse - Developmental delay, and is usually outgrown - Thought to have a hereditary component - Rule out medical causes: child is evaluated for infections, obstructions, neurogenic bladder, and decreased nocturnal antidiuretic hormone

Answer 44

More prevelent in women than men Iron deficiency and Substantia Nigra appears to be the main cause Symptoms: - An urge to move the legs, with an accompanying uncomfortable sensation - Worse during rest or inactivity, and at nigth - Relieved by movement

Answer 45

Deviation of one eye from the other when looking directly at a specific object - May often, but not always, lead to Amblyopia - Treatment: botulinum toxin injection to partially paralyze stronger muscle of the pair

Answer 46

If one eye doesn't focus or produce what the brain decides is an unreliable image during the critical period, then the information is discarded and only one eye is "wired into" the brain Treatment: alternately patch each eye

Answer 47

Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes - May be caused by an imbalanced reflex activity of the inner ear (inner ear sends a signal in the absence of movement, eyes move as if head is rotating) - May also be caused by drugs, retinal disease, and disease involving the cervical spinal cord

Answer 48

Clouding of the lens - Caused by UV light exposure, diabetes, infections, trauma, and drugs - Treatment: lens is liquified inside its capsule and intraocular lens is implanted in its place

Answer 49

Abnormal pressure in the anterior chamber - Measure intraocular pressure with tonometer (puff of air) - Increased pressure can reduce blood supply to retina and cause permanent vision loss - Can result from overproduction by ciliary processes, obstruction in flow, or scleral venous sinus) - Drugs which cause pupil dilation tend to close the sinus and make glaucoma worse

Answer 50

Loss of critical neurons in the Macula for unknown reasons

Answer 51

As we age, the lens loses its elasticity, which prevents it from taking on a round shape when relaxed (needed to focus on near objects) - Treatment: reading glasses

Answer 52

Neurons of the retina lose their nutritional support and die - Since neurons can't repair; treatment is to limit spread of damage by "spot welding" retina to the sclera with either cold or heat

Answer 53

Normal vision

Answer 54

Near-sighted, eyeball is too long

Answer 55

Far-sighted, eyeball too short

Answer 56

Unequal curvature of the cornea or lens

Answer 57

Mutations in the green pigment gene is most common

Answer 58

Inflammation of the Conjunctiva (pinkeye) - Highly contagious acute bacterial infection - May lead to otitis media in children under 6 - Also caused by viruses, allergies, or chemical irritants

Answer 59

Conductive and Sensorineural

Answer 60

Occurs when a change in the outer and/or middle ear impairs conduction of sound waves - Foreign bodies, cerumen impaction (ear wax), neoplasms, auditory tube dysfunction - Infection: Acute Otitis Media (AOM), especially in children from 6 months to 5 years

Answer 61

Involves the inner ear structures and cranial nerve VIII - Due to congenital, hereditary, or environmental factors - Streptomycin and related antibiotics, loud noises, aspirin at toxic levels

Answer 62

Sensation of spinning that is caused by inflammation or other disorders of the semicircular canals - Causes loss of balance, disorientation, nausea, and severe sensations that the room is spinning

Answer 63

A not uncommon vestibular disorder of unknown etiology - Results in loss of proprioception, inability to walk or drive a car (affects gait and vision by causing vertigo) and persistent ringing in the ears

Answer 64

Knowing how your body is oriented without looking at it ("How you know you have a butt")

Answer 65

A function of arousal and content of thought | - Activity in the cerebral cortex

Answer 66

Neurons that control state of arousal - Projects to all areas of the cortex - Inputs to RAS from sensory system - Outputs of RAS to cerebral cortex, regulating arousal

Answer 67

"Fully functional", alert and oriented to person place and time (Oriented x3) - Normal speech, voluntary movement, oculomotor activity, respirations, and pupillary responses

Answer 68

- Infections - Vascular - Neoplastic - Traumatic - Congenital - Degenerative

Answer 69

- Hypoxia - Electrolyte disturbances - Hypoglycemia - Drugs - Toxins

Answer 70

Patient may appear unconscious but is physiologically awake | - May signal a general psychiatric disorder

Answer 71

Loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly

Answer 72

Disorientation to time, and then place (usually person is preserved

Answer 73

Limited spontaneous movement, easily aroused, not oriented x3

Answer 74

Mild to moderate reduction in arousal - Falls asleep if not continuously stimulated - Single syllable answers to questions

Answer 75

Can only be aroused with vigorous and continuous stimulation

Answer 76

Purposeful movement on stimulation

Answer 77

Nonpurposeful movement on stimulation

Answer 78

No response

Answer 79

- Loss of connections between cortex and spinal cord/muscles - Upper extremities flexed at elbows and held close to the body - Lower extremities extended with toes pointed

Answer 80

- Upper extremities now extended (thought to involve loss of input to arms from Red Nucleus in midbrain) - Lower extremities the same as Decorticate Posture - Seen in extensive brain stem damage - Death is imminent

Answer 81

Range from full recovery to permanent disability or death 2 categories: - Extenet of disability - Mortality

Answer 82

Irreversible cessation of function of the entire brain, including the brain stem and cerebellum

Answer 83

Death of cerebral hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum - The brain stem may respond but individual is unable to respond to their environment

Answer 84

- Complete unawareness of self or environment with complete loss of cognitive function - Brain stem reflexes intact - Recovery unlikely if the state persists for more than 12 months

Answer 85

Individuals may follow simple commands, have intelligible speech, and may blink or smile

Answer 86

- Complete paralysis of voluntary muscles except eye muscles | - Content of thought and level of arousal are intact but efferent pathways are blocked

Answer 87

- Inability to form new memories | - Usually damage to hippocampus

Answer 88

- Inability to recall memories from before traumatic event - May be a few seconds - May be years (Damage to brain structures where memory is stored) - Distant events stored more strongly/in more locations and less likely to be lost

Answer 89

Abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Answer 90

A transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms as a result of abnormal excessive or enhanced synchronous neuronal activity in the brain

Answer 91

- Abnormal activity over a wide area of the brain - Consciousness impaired or lost - Most common type: absence seizures ("spacing out")

Answer 92

Focal seizures, unilateral - Specific area affected - May progress to generalized seizures

Answer 93

(symptom) Early clinical manifestation a few days or hours preceding a seizure - Maliase, headaches, depression

Answer 94

(symptom) Partial seizure, feeling that "something is about to happen" - Gustatory, visual, auditory, dizziness, numbness, funny feeling

Answer 95

(sign) Contraction of muscle(s)

Answer 96

(sign) Alternating contraction and partial relaxation of muscles

Answer 97

Time that seizure is occurring

Answer 98

Period immediately following end of seizure activity

Answer 99

Life threatening emergency - Patient has a string of seizures with no respite - Usually caused by discontinuation of prescribed seizure medications

Answer 100

Defect of pattern recognition - Generally only one sense is affected (tactile, visual, auditory) - Ex: an individual may be able to identify an object by touch but not by site)

Answer 101

Impairment of production or comprehension of language

Answer 102

More severe form of dysphasia and ability to communicate

Answer 103

"Non-fluent aphasia", Patient unable to produce written or oral speech - May have one syllable that he uses for all speech - Appears frustrated or angry

Answer 104

"Fluent aphasia", Patient can speak, but language makes no sense and lacks grammatical structure

Answer 105

``` Comprehension: What is happening in the picture? - Word Salad = Wernicke - Inability to speak = Broca - Ignores left side of picture = Contralateral Hemineglect ``` ``` Naming Ability: Name the objects. - Does the patient need prompting? - Are names correct? - Are answers slow or vague? ```

Answer 106

Progressive failure of cerebral functions - Patient loses orientation to person, place and/or time - Memory loss - Decline in intellectual ability leads to altered behavior

Answer 107

- Alzheimers (>50%) - Alcoholism - Parkinsons - Neoplasms of CNS - Neurosyphilis - Prion disease (Creutzfeld-Jacob) - Chronic Meningitis

Answer 108

- Leading cause of dementia - Declarative memory most severely affected - Neuropsychological testing suggests diagnosis, but only definitive diagnosis is post-mortem examination of the brain

Answer 109

- As neurons die, brain shrinkage occurs - Memory, language, and judgment areas most affected - Using imaging, it is difficult to distinguish between normal aging and Alzheimers

Answer 110

- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs), which make more acetylcholine available at the remaining synapses - Only shifts the course of a 10 year+ disease by a few months

Answer 111

Injuries to the brain may induce alterations in cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure and O2 delivery - Increases in intracranial pressure may cause a decrease in blood perfusion

Answer 112

- Space-occupying lesion - Hydrocephalus - Brain Edema

Answer 113

- Hematomas | - Brain Tumors

Answer 114

Vasoconstriction and external compression of venous system to decrease ICP - Few symptoms - ICP may not change due to compensation

Answer 115

Continued expansion of intracranial content - Systemic arterial vasoconstriction in an attempt to overcome increased ICP - Patient may be confused restless, drowsy, and may have slight pupillary and breathing changes

Answer 116

ICP begins to approach arterial pressure - Brain tissues begin to experience hypoxia and hypercapnia - Patient's condition rapidly deteriorates - Decreased levels of arousal, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and small, sluggish pupils - Dramatic rises in ICP when compensatory mechanisms exhausted

Answer 117

Brain tissue herniates

Answer 118

When there is more pressure in the Supratentorial compartment than the Infratentorial compartment, the brain tries to "leave" (herniates) past the Tentorium Cerebelli - The Uncus is in the way - Underneath the Uncus are the structures for DECLARATIVE MEMORY (facts, dates, and events)

Answer 119

If Supratentorial pressure continues, or pressure begins in the Infratentorial compartment, Cerebellar Tonsils and Medula try to "leave" skull at same time through the Foramen Magnum - This part of the medulla controls HEARTBEAT AND RESPIRATION - Death can result

Answer 120

Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts

Answer 121

Where neural information is processed - Posterior/Dorsal Horn processes sensory information - Anterior/Ventral Horn contains cell bodies of neurons which control voluntary muscles

Answer 122

Lateral Corticospinal Tract - Axons from motor cortex - Cross at pyramidal decussation - In the spinal cord, motor fibers are on the same side as the muscles they will eventually innervate

Answer 123

Decreased muscle tone, caused by decreased neuronal activity

Answer 124

Increased muscle tone

Answer 125

Excessive movement

Answer 126

Abnormal involuntary movements

Answer 127

Decreased movement

Answer 128

Weakness of the upper and lower extremity on one side (common after stroke)

Answer 129

Paralysis affecting both arms or both legs | - Due to brain damage

Answer 130

Partial or total paralysis in the lower extremities | - Dut to spinal cord damage

Answer 131

Partial or total paralysis in all four extremities | - Due to spinal cord damage

Answer 132

- Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord directly innervate skeletal muscle - Upper motor neurons are all the others (including cortex neurons)

Answer 133

Loss of LOWER MOTOR NEURON - There is no way to "drive" the muscle - Patient exhibits HYPOREFLEXIA

Answer 134

Loss of UPPER MOTOR NEURON is thought to remove inhibition of reflexes - AKA Rigidity - Patient exhibits HYPERREFLEXIA

Answer 135

Loss of control from brain means reflexes operate without modification Ex: The Babinski Sign (stroke the sole of the foot) - In normal adults, response is PLANTAR FLEXOR - In spinal cord damage, brain damage or in babies less than 1, response is PLANTAR EXTENSOR

Answer 136

- Basal Nuclei control smooth movement - Motor cortex signal is processed through this system - Interactions between motor inhibiting neurotransmitters (GABA, Dopamine) and excitatory neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine) control movement

Answer 137

- Neurons in the Substantia Nigra make dopamine and send axons to the basal nuclei, where dopamine is release - In Parkinson Disease, these neurons die for unknown reasons

Answer 138

- "Pill-Rolling" tremor at rest - Slow movement (bradykinesia) - Stooped posture - Chracteristic gait (trouble getting through doorways - About 40% have dementia

Answer 139

Trinucleotide repeat disease, 40 or more repeats of CAG in the Huntington Gene (normal is 10-29) - Causes Dementia and Chorea (writhing, dance-like movements) - Degeneration of Basal Nuclei with degeneration of GABA producing neurons (inhibitory) leads to Hyperkinesia - More repeats means more severe disease and earlier onset

Answer 140

Penetrating or Open head injuries occur from missile trauma - Injuries break the dura and expose the cranial contents possibly causing infection or loss of CSF - Produce FOCAL/observable injuries

Answer 141

Brain is not exposed Focal: - Observable - Epidural (extradural) hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Intracerebral hematoma, Contusion Diffuse: - Not observable - Concussion, Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Answer 142

Closed-head injuries usually present as COUP and COUNTERCOUP contusions

Answer 143

The direct impact between the brain and skull

Answer 144

Directly opposite the Coup injury, from the brain "bouncing" and impacting the opposite side of the skull

Answer 145

Focal brain injury - Bleeding usually ARTERIAL, between skull and dura mater - Can be insidious (slow onset) - Usually lens shaped on CT/MRI - Symptoms: increasingly sever headache, vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, and seizure - Can produce paralysis on opposite side of body - May cause brain herniation

Answer 146

Focal brain injury - Bleeding usually VEINOUS - More difficult to see on CT/MRI - Symptoms insidious and chronic: headache, drowsiness, slowed cognition, and confusion - May cause brain herniation

Answer 147

Focal brain injury - Usually seen in falls and motor vehicle crashes - Shearing forces tear blood vessels inside the brain - May cause weakness and paralysis - May progress to herniation

Answer 148

Focal brain injury - Like a brain bruise - Edema because of injury - Can be very difficult to see on CT/MRI

Answer 149

Diffuse brain injury | - Temporary axonal disturbances causing attention and memory deficits but no loss of consciousness

Answer 150

Diffuse brain injury - Disconnection of cerebral systems and the brain stem reticular activating system causing loss of arousal - Physiologic and neurologic dysfunction with no anatomic disruption - Loss of consciousness (<6 hours) - Anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 151

Diffuse brain injury - Soft gray matter shifts against firmer white matter and axons get torn (shear injuries) - Difficult to see on conventional imaging - Range from mild to severe

Answer 152

Commonly seen in motor vehicle accidents - Hyperextension: head back - Hyperflexion: head forward

Answer 153

- Cord is usually injured from broken fragments of injured vertebrae - Most common location is where cord is large and tightly packed in the vertebral canal (cervical and lumbar)

Answer 154

Temporary cessation of cord function below a spinal lesion - Causes flaccid paralysis, areflexia or hyporeflexia and bowel/bladder disfunction - If spinal cord is not permanently damaged, in about 10-14 days cord function returns, increased reflexes, and possibly Autonomic Hyperreflexia

Answer 155

Massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system - Stimulated by visceral distention of bowel, bladder, or abdomen - Sensory afferent neurons stimulate reflex of major sympathetic outflow - Parasympathetic response above the lesion but not below - BP up, pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above lesion, flushed skin, bradycardia

Answer 156

Diagnosis - By physical examination (loss of reflexes) or by radiological exam: CT/MRI Treatment - Immobilization, surgery, administration of corticosteroids to reduce secondary cord swelling, and symptomatic treatment of Autonomic Hyperreflexia

Answer 157

Dehydration and loss of disc structure

Answer 158

Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus can lead to nerve impingement

Answer 159

Vessel blocked by clot that develops in place, or moves from another location to lodge in artery - Limited blood flow - Causes loss of oxygen and glucose to affected brain tissue (Infarction)

Answer 160

Rupture of blood vessel | - Ex: Aneurysm (weak spot in artery)

Answer 161

Location of leaky or blocked vessel is the key to symptoms | - Use homunculus to determine correlation between stroke location and symptoms

Answer 162

If they rupture, hemorrhagic stroke occurs - Often found as "incidentalomas" because they are asymptomatic - Death is common 2 Treatments: - Coil: intravascular "nest" of wire, causing clot to form - Clip: external clamp over "neck" of aneurysm

Answer 163

Nest-like structure with anastomosing arteries and veins - May appear as holes in CT/MRI - Difficult to treat, frequently prone to rupture and hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 164

The area surrounding the direct, immediate, and irreversible damage from a stroke - This tissue can be saved if the right treatment is administered, but will die otherwise

Answer 165

All Penumbra, No Infarction Symptoms: - Unilateral weakness - Unilateral sensory disturbance - Slurred speech - Transient blindness in one eye - Difficulty speaking - Unsteady gait - Dizziness

Answer 166

One of the most common neurological disorders, poorly understood - Common types: Tension, Migraine, and Cluster

Answer 167

- Gradual onset - Bilateral - Self-limiting - Possible Causes: hypersensitivity of Trigeminal Nerve, contraction of jaw and neck muscles

Answer 168

5,4,3,2,1, criteria: - 5 or more attacks - 4 hours to 3 days duration - 2 of: unilateral, pulsating, moderate to severe pain, aggravation by physical activity - 1 of: nausea, vomitting, photophobia, phonophobia

Answer 169

- Vascular origin: blood vessel dilation - 2x as common in women - Triggers like stress, hunger, certain foods, weather, and hormonal changes in women are usually involved

Answer 170

- Occur in groups: several in one day for several days, then remit for a time - 5x more common in men, age 20-50 - Severe unilateral stabbing pain behind eyes (retro-orbital) with eye watering and nausea

Answer 171

Inflammation of the Pia and Arachnoid - Usually caused by infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites) - Drugs, toxins, or radiation trigger Chemical Meningitis - All types exhibit increased ICP: increased production, impaired circulation, or impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 172

Aseptic/Non-purulent Meningitis - Develops more gradually and is less severe - CSF will be clear - Lumbar puncture with Gram Stain may show Lymphocytes, but NO BACTERIA - Chemistry analysis may show elevated protein but not glucose - WBC count slightly elevated, differential shows elevated Lymphocytes

Answer 173

Extends beyond Meninges to involve the CSF in subarachnoid space and ventricular system - More severe, can be life threatening within hours - CSF will be cloudy - Lumbar puncture with Gram Stain WILL SHOW BACTERIA - Chemistry analysis will show markedly elevated protein, and decreased glucose - WBC count significantly elevated, differential shows elevated Neutrophils and Monocytes

Answer 174

- Throbbing headache - Nausea/vomiting - Nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness) - Petechial rash on palms - Progresses to altered mental status

Answer 175

Acute inflammation of the brain matter; usually viral - Caused by arthropod-born viruses and HSV-1 - Can occur due to systemic viral disease - Causes widespread nerve cell degeneration - Increased intracranial pressure may progress to herniation

Answer 176

- Fever - Delirium - Dementia - Seizures - Palsies - Paralysis

Answer 177

Autoimmune; Patient's immune system attacks the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve axons in CNS - As myelin sheaths are destroyed the body releases more antigen and problems get worse - Because demyelination can occur anywhere in the nervous system, it can mimic almost any other neurological problem

Answer 178

Affects upper and lower motor neurons - Leads to progressive weakness beginning in a single muscle group, muscle wasting, and death - Patients have normal intellectual and sensory function until death - Respiratory paralysis may cause death in <1 year

Answer 179

An acute inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nerves (Schwann cells) - Signs: rapid onset of weakness, paralysis of legs/arms/facial muscles, paralysis of the respiratory muscles is possible - Most common cause of rapidly acquired paralysis in the U.S.

Answer 180

Autoimmune; and IgG antibody is produced against the ACh receptor - Muscles innervated by cranial nerves affected earliest, later progresses to upper body and diaphragm - Weakness and fatigue affect the muscles of the eyes and the throat causing diplopia (double vision), difficulty chewing, talking, and swallowing

Patho Unit 5 Flashcards

Understand: - Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (Ch 13) - Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function (Ch 14) - Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (Ch 15)