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Pathophysiology > Patho Unit 1 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 1 Flashcards

Understand: - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology (Ch 3) - Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Ch 4)

0
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced supply of blood

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1
Q

Cellular Adaptation

A
  • Cells change to adapt to a new environment, escape, or protect themselves
  • Can be a pathological or functional respose
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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size

  • Usually caused by ischemia
  • May also result from diminished nerve stimulation, poor nutrition, or other diseases
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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the MASS of the cell
- “-trophy” = size

(Body builders win trophies)

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells

- “-plasia” = number

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

An adaptive substitution to a different “hardier” (but still normal) cell line

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

A change to an abnormal cell line

  • Precancerous
  • Caused by persistent injury or irritation progressing toward neoplasia
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7
Q

Neoplasia

A

New, abnormal proliferation of cells

- Tumors

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8
Q

Hypoxia

A

When the CELLS are deprived of O2

  • Probably the most common cause of non-adaptive cell injury
  • Caused by low O2 in the air, poor hemoglobin function, resp. or cardio. disease, and ischemia
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9
Q

Free Radicals

A

An atom that has an unpaired electron, which makes it very unstable and active

  • Formed by normal metabolism, ionizing radiation, drug metabolism
  • To gain stability it gives up or steals an electron
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10
Q

Antioxidants

A

Block synthesis or inactivate free radicals

- Vitamin E, C, albumin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin

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11
Q

Lead Poisoning

A
  • Acts like iron, calcium, and zinc
  • Interferes with neurotransmitters in the CNS and hemoglobin synthesis
  • Accounts for a significant number of childhood poisonings
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12
Q

Ethanol

A
  • The form of alcohol found in beverages

- In the liver, ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde, which is toxic to the liver

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13
Q

Blunt Force Trauma

A

Mechanical injuries resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues

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14
Q

Contusion

A

Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue

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15
Q

Hematoma

A

A collection of blood in an enclosed space

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16
Q

Abrasion

A

Removal of superficial layers of the skin

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17
Q

Laceration

A

A rip or tear when the elasticity of the skin or tissue will not hold up to the pressure applied

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18
Q

Incised Wound

A

A cut that is longer than it is deep

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19
Q

Stab Wound

A

A cut that is deeper than it is long

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20
Q

Penetrating Gunshot Wound

A

Bullet remains in the body

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21
Q

Perforating Gunshot Wound

A

Bullet exits the body

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22
Q

Asphyxia

A

Occurs because of a failure of airflow to the LUNGS

  • Suffocation, strangulation, chemical, or drowning
  • Leads to hypoxia
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23
Q

Hypothermia

A
  • Caused by extreme cold
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Ice crystals form causing cellular swelling
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24
Q

Hyperthermia

A
  • Caused by extreme heat

- Loss of fluids and plasma proteins

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25
Q

Blast Injuries

A

Compressed waves of air collapse thorax, organs hemorrhage and rupture

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26
Q

Water Pressure

A

Causes nitrogen to dissolve in blood

- When pressure is removed, nitrogen is released and forms gas emboli

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27
Q

Thrombis

A

Stationary

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28
Q

Embolis

A

Moves

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29
Q

Cellular Accumulations

A

Too much stuff

  • Loss of surface area
  • Crowds Lysosomes into other organelles
  • Water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, protein, pigments, calcium, urate
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30
Q

Necrosis

A

Local, irreversible cell death

  • Caused by self digestion and lysis
  • “Homicide”
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31
Q

5 types of Necrosis

A
  • Coagulative
  • Liquefactive
  • Caseous
  • Fat Necrosis
  • Gangrenous
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32
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A
  • Common in kidneys, heart, and adrenal gland
  • Coagulation is caused by protein denaturation
  • Albumin changes from clear and gelatinous to opaque and firm
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33
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A
  • Occurs in neurons and glial cells of CNS
  • Digestive enzymes (hydrolases) cause neural tissue to become soft and liquify
  • Can also occur with certain infections
    (What do zombies drink? Liquid brains!)
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34
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A
  • Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
  • Results from pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Tissue is destroyed but not completely digested
  • Remaining tissue resembles clumped cheese
35
Q

Fat Necrosis

A
  • Occurs in breast, pancreas, and abdominal tissues
  • Caused by lipases (found in fat tissues) that break down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids
  • Fatty acids combine with Ca, Mg, and Na to form soaps
36
Q

Aging

A

The result of genetics and a lifetime accumulation of injuries

37
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death involved in normal or pathologic conditions

  • Depends on cellular signals that cause protein cleavage resulting in death
  • Cells shrink
  • “Suicide”
38
Q

Somatic Deah

A

Death of an entire organism

- Includes Algor, Livor, and Rigor mortis, and Postmortem Autolysis

39
Q

Algor Mortis

A

Skin becomes pale and temperature falls

40
Q

Livor Mortis

A

Purplish discoloration in peripheral tissue

41
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Depletion of ATP keeps contractile proteins from detaching causing muscle stiffening
- Gradually diminishes over 12-14 hours

42
Q

Distribution of Body Fluids

A

2/3 Intracellular
1/3 Extracellular
- 80% Interstitial
- 20% Plasma

43
Q

Isosmotic

A

Concentrations of 2 fluids separated by a membrane are equal

44
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

The concentration of ECF is higher than the ICF

- Water moves to the ECF

45
Q

Hyposmotic

A

Concentration of the ICF is higher than the ECF

- Water moves to the ICF

46
Q

Filtration

A

Oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients delivered to cells

47
Q

Reabsorption

A

Carbon dioxide, acid, and other wastes are carried away to be excreted

48
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure from the pump (heart) that PUSHES blood

- Hydrostatic pressure = Blood pressure

49
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

PULLING force of water

51
Q

Dehydration

A
  • Water loss exceeds gains
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Increases blood osmolarity (detected by hypothalamus)
52
Q

Excessive Water Consuption

A
  • Decrease in plasma and interstitial osmolarity
  • Water moves into the intracellular environment, resulting in cellular swelling
  • Water intoxication
53
Q

Electrolytes

A

Dissociate into ions in aqueous solution

  • Control volume and osmotic regulation, myocardial function, enzyme cofactors, acid-base balance
  • Cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
  • Anions: Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-3
54
Q

Sodium

A

Range: 136 - 146 mEq/L

  • Body’s concentration is maintained primarily by kidneys
  • Accounts for 90% of the ECF CATIONS
  • Cl- levels always follow Na+ levels
  • “AS GOES SODIUM, SO GOES WATER!”
55
Q

Hypernatremia

A

> 146 mEq/L

  • Cellular shrinkage
  • Hypertension
  • Thirst
  • Oliguria (low urine output)
  • Anuria (no urine)
56
Q

Hyponatremia

A

<135 mEq/L

  • Cellular swelling
  • Edema
  • Hypotension
57
Q

Potassium

A

Range: 3.4 - 5 mEq/L

  • REQUIRED FOR MAINTAINING THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythems, and muscle contraction
  • Major influence on ICF OSMOLALITY and maintenance of electroneutrality
  • Kidney maintains potassium levels
58
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

> 5.5 mEq/L

  • Cell membrane depolarized (more +)
  • Altered conductivity in the heart
  • Muscular irritability
  • Can be caused by blood transfusions
  • Lethal injections
59
Q

Hypokalemia

A

<3.5 mEq/L

  • Cell membrane is hyperpolarized (more -)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Polyuria leads to K+ loss in the urine
60
Q

Calcium

A

Range: 8.6 - 10.5 mg/dl

  • BLOCKS SODIUM CHANNELS, (inhibits depolarization)
  • Main cation in bones and teeth
  • Cofactor in clotting
  • Maintained by renal system
  • Inversely related to Phosphate
61
Q

Hypercalcemia / Hypophosphatemia

A

> 12.0 mg/dl / <2 mg/dl

  • Decreased neuromuscular excitability (hyperpolarization)
  • Increased bone fractures
  • Kidney stones
62
Q

Hypocalcemia / Hyperphosphatemia

A
  1. 5 mg/dl
    - Increased neuromuscular excitability (partial depolarization)
    - Muscle cramps
63
Q

Phosphate

A

Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dl

  • Bone (calcium phosphate = hydroxyapatite)
  • Phospholipids
  • Creatine phosphate (brain and muscle energy source)
  • ATP
  • Inversely related to Ca+
64
Q

Magnesium

A

Range: 1.8 - 2.4 mEq/L

  • DECREASED ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
  • Acts as a cofactor in cll reactions
  • Required for ATPase activity
65
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

> 2.5 mEq/L

  • Skeletal muscle depression
  • Bradycardia (heart rate <60)
  • Muscle weakness
66
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

<1.5 mEq/L

  • Neuromuscular irritability
  • Hyperactive reflexes
67
Q

Buffers

A

Acts as a H+ and/or OH- “sponge” so that pH is kept relatively constant
- The most important buffer system in the body is the Carbonic Acid - Bicarbonate system

68
Q

What 2 systems maintain pH?

How?

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
- Affects pH by changing the PCO2 level (carbonic acid)
RENAL SYSTEM:
- Affect pH by retaining or dumping HCO3- (bicarbonate)

69
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A 
ELEVATION OF PCO2, kidneys will compensate slowly, (excrete H+ and conserve HCO3-)
Causes:
  - Hypoventilation
  - Asthma, emphysema
  - Pneumonia
  - Coma
  - Choking
70
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A 
DEPRESSION OF PCO2, kidneys will compensate slowly, (retain H+ and excrete HCO3-)
Causes:
  - Hyperventilation
  - Drugs
  - Excitement
  - Anxiety
71
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A 
DEPRESSION OF HCO3-, lungs will compensate immediately, (hyperventilation)
Causes:
  - Renal failure
  - Shock
  - Ketoacidosis
  - Lactic acidosis 
  - Salicylate overdose
72
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A 
ELEVATION OF HCO3-, lungs will compensate immediately, (hypoventilation)
Causes:
  - Ingestion of bicarbonate
  - Vomiting
  - Chloride depletion
  - Diuretic therapy
73
Q

Normal Body pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

74
Q

Uncompensated Acidosis/Alkalosis

A

The system that is NOT responsible for the pH imbalance is still within normal range (not trying to fix the problem)

75
Q

Partially Compensated Acidosis/Alkalosis

A
  • Both systems are outside normal limits

- pH is NOT back within normal range

75
Q

Fully Compensated Acidosis/Alkalosis

A
  • Both systems are outside normal limits
  • pH IS back withing normal range
  • Acidosis will remain slightly acidic
  • Alkalosis will remain slightly alkaline
76
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice - 
Patient A:          Normal:
pH - 7.55           pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 70           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 40        PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 36        HCO3 - 22-26
A

Uncompensated Metabolic Alkalosis

77
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice - 
Patient B:          Normal:
pH - 7.28           pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 50           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 60         PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 25         HCO3 - 22-26
A

Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis

78
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice
Patient C:          Normal:
pH - 7.22           pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 70           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 40         PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 14         HCO3 - 22-26
A

Uncompensated Metabolic Acidosis

79
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice
Patient D:          Normal:
pH - 7.44           pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 60           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 55         PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 36         HCO3 - 22-26
A

Fully Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis

80
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice - 
Patient E:          Normal:
pH - 7.36           pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 50           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 60         PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 34         HCO3 - 22-26
A

Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis

81
Q 
Acidosis/Alkalosis Practice- 
Patient F:          Normal:
pH - 7.3             pH - 7.35-7.45
PO2 - 80           PO2 - 68-72
PCO2 - 20         PCO2 - 35-45
HCO3 - 14         HCO3 - 22-26
A

Partially Compensated Metabolic Acidosis

82
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Sodium channels open allowing Na+ IN

- Voltage goes up

83
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Potassium channels open allowing K+ OUT

- Voltage goes back down

84
Q

Free Radical Injury

A

Lipid Peroxidation
- Destruction of unsaturated fatty acids
Protein Destruction
- Fragmentation of polypeptide chains and denaturation
DNA Alteration
- Breakage of DNA strands

85
Q

CO Poisoning

A

Carbon Monoxide has a high affinity for Hgb, blocks Oxygen

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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