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Chelsea's Advan Patho & Pharm 2018 > Patho test 3 - endo, cardio, hem > Flashcards

Patho test 3 - endo, cardio, hem Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid glands are important in what process?

A

calcium regulation

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2
Q

What will inhibit glucagon release?

A

Hyperglycemia

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3
Q

how does glucagon increases blood glucose?

A

stimulating lipolysis and glycogenolysis.

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4
Q

TSH secretion is regulated by

A

by thyrotropin-releasing hormone

by negative feedback inhibition from thyroid hormones

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5
Q

Autocrine signaling characteristics

A

Secrete hormones that have action on cells from which they are produced

ex: Beta cells produce insulin

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling characteristics

A

secrete hormones that have action on cells other than the gland they came from

ex: cells involved in inflammation during infection and cancer cells

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7
Q

tropic hormones target _____

A

targets glands -

stimulating another endocrine glad

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8
Q

non-tropic hormones target ______

A

targets tissue

directly stimulating a target organ

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9
Q

hormones are chemical messengers, usually ____

A

2nd messengers

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in response to ________

A

releasing/ inhibiting factors, secreted by the Hypothalamus

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11
Q

What are the possible causes of Endocrine disorders?

A

Hypothalamic damage or head trauma

Pituitary tumors or damage to the pituitary

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12
Q

explain the thyroid feedback cycle

A

TRH (stimulated by low thyroid hormone) regulates TSH which stimulates thyroid hormone release from follicular lumens. Elevated levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the release of TRH.

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13
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates _______

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone release

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14
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates _____

A

follicular lumens of the thyroid to release thyroid hormone

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15
Q

low thyroid hormone circulation stimulates _____

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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16
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is inhibited by ____

A

Elevated levels of thyroid hormone

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17
Q

thyroid hormone is stored in what form?

A

Thyrocalcitonin

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18
Q

T3 aka

A

triiodothyronine

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19
Q

T4 aka

A

Thyroxine

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20
Q

How is most T3 made?

A

When T4 loses an iodine atom it becomes T3

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21
Q

low levels of thyroxine cause _____

A

high TSH levels

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22
Q

high levels of thyroxine cause ______

A

low TSH

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23
Q

what lab level do you expect to see when screening for hypothyroidism?

A

elevated TSH

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24
Q

what labs are used for thyroid monitoring?

A

TSH and thyroxine (T4)

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25
Q

Hypothyroid sx

A 
hair thinning 
depression
cold skin
weak heartbeat
slowed mind and body
High LDL
constipation
myxedema
dry skin
big toungge
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26
Q

Hypothyroid may look like what other disease?

A

depression

27
Q

Hypothyroid occurs regularly in what population?

A

postpartum women

and can exacerbate PP depression

28
Q

Autoimmune disease causing Thyroid Hyperfunction thus: heat intolerance, bulging eyes, tachycardia, HTN, amenorrhea, diarrhea, tremors, weight loss

A

Grave’s disease

29
Q

Thyrocalcitonin action

A

Decrease serum calcium.
- via bone preservation of calcium and
inhibits osteoclasts (break down bone)

       -Increases rate of calcium and phosphorus loss 
        into urine.
30
Q

Parathyroid hormone action

A

raise serum calcium via
takes calcium from bone w/ osteoclasts

      Increases  absorption of calcium from the small 
 intestine by stimulating Vitamin D to facilitate 
 Calcium-Protein binding 

    Inhibiting calcium excretion by the kidneys
31
Q

Thyrocalcitonin and Parathyroid hormone relationship

A

respond to serum calcium levels

  • do not respond to each other
32
Q

muscle weakness, depression, fatigue, kidney stones, possible bone fractures
think of what disease?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

Feedback mechanisms in regulating serum calcium that is too high

A

High Ca+ —-> stimulate thyroid to release —-> Thyrocalcitonin —–> wastes in urine and inhibits osteoclasts ——> decreases Ca+

34
Q

Feedback mechanisms in regulating serum calcium that is too low

A

low Ca+ —-> parathyroid stimulated —> Parathyroid hormone released —-> stimulates osteoclasts —> stimulates Vit D to protein bind calciu —> increases kidney absorption of Ca+ —> raises Ca+

35
Q

Cortisol actions

A

Increases gluconeogenesis
> redistributes fat on ABD and trunk
breakdown of proteins
Lipolysis

increase tissue responsiveness to catecholamines

suppression of immune response
>Anti inflammatory effects:
decreased prostaglandin & leukotriene
decreased capillary permeability

36
Q

disease of muscle wasting, irritability, GI distress, increased infections, hyperglycemia, purple striae

A

Cushings syndrome

37
Q

Addison’s disease can be caused by ____

A

abrupt d/c of steroids

glands atrophied and unable to produce endogenous steroid hormones

38
Q

Aldosterone actions

A

Increases sodium reabsorption
Targets the distal renal tubule, sweat & salivary glands, intestines
excretes K+

39
Q

Aldosterone is stimulated by

A

increased potassium
Decreased plasma volume,
low serum sodium
RAAS

40
Q

Feedback mechanisms regulating sodium levels

A

Aldosterone

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

41
Q

ADH action

A

Responds to increased serum osmolality (concentrated)

decreases permeability of distal renal tubules & collecting ducts
Increased reabsorption of H20

42
Q

ADH is inhibited by

A

decreased osmolarity —-> blocks ADH

(negative feedback)

43
Q

disease of no ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

sx - excessive thirst

44
Q

SGLTs

A

sodium glucose transport proteins

Transport glucose from small intestine into bloodstream

Transport glucose from glomerular filtrate back into bloodstream.

45
Q

GLUTS

A

Transport glucose from bloodstream into cells

46
Q

Alpha-glucosidase

A

in intestine

necessary for absorption of starches and disaccharides

47
Q

Somatostatin:

A

Decreases GI activity to increase absorption of nutrients. Stimulated by high protein, carbs and fats.

Inhibited by insulin

48
Q

Incretins

A

Stimulates insulin release

Inhibits synthesis of glucagon

49
Q

how does Insulin Resistance happen?

A

increased adipose tissue
Adipose tissue has fewer insulin receptors
as adipose tissue goes up effect of insulin decreases
beta cells exerting more insulin with little effect
beta cells become fatigued
less beta cells produced
inflammation causes cont damage to beta cells
- adipose tissue causes inflammation

50
Q

Hyperglycemia occurs at what percent of beta cell destruction?

A

15%

51
Q

Clinical Manifestations of DM

A

3 P’s Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia

watch for multiple fungal infections

52
Q

complications of DM

A 
Retinopathy
Nephropathy - CKD
Neuropathy
Stroke
Coronary disease
Arterial disease
DKA
Cardiovascular Disease - Hypertension
53
Q

MCV

A

size

mean corpuscular volume

54
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Color of the RBC

55
Q

RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)

A

RBC shape variation

- if a large variation in shape that is not good

56
Q

vitamin K dependent clotting factors

A

10
9
7
2

57
Q

Tissue Factor aka ___

A

factor III

thromboplastin

58
Q

iron in storage

A

serum ferritin

59
Q

circulating iron

A

serum iron

60
Q

reticulocytes =

A

immature RBCs

61
Q

microcytic
hypochromic
low serum iron

A

Iron deficiency anemia

62
Q

transferrin

A

transporter plasma

63
Q

earliest indicator of iron def anemia

A

serum ferritin

64
Q 
normocytic
low retic count
normochromic or hypochromic
Hbg low
low iron
A

anemia of chronic disease

Chelsea's Advan Patho & Pharm 2018 (7 decks)

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