Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chelsea's Advan Patho & Pharm 2018 > Patho test 3 - endo, cardio, hem > Flashcards

Patho test 3 - endo, cardio, hem Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid glands are important in what process?

A

calcium regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What will inhibit glucagon release?

A

Hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does glucagon increases blood glucose?

A

stimulating lipolysis and glycogenolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TSH secretion is regulated by

A

by thyrotropin-releasing hormone

by negative feedback inhibition from thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autocrine signaling characteristics

A

Secrete hormones that have action on cells from which they are produced

ex: Beta cells produce insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paracrine signaling characteristics

A

secrete hormones that have action on cells other than the gland they came from

ex: cells involved in inflammation during infection and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tropic hormones target _____

A

targets glands -

stimulating another endocrine glad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non-tropic hormones target ______

A

targets tissue

directly stimulating a target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hormones are chemical messengers, usually ____

A

2nd messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in response to ________

A

releasing/ inhibiting factors, secreted by the Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the possible causes of Endocrine disorders?

A

Hypothalamic damage or head trauma

Pituitary tumors or damage to the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain the thyroid feedback cycle

A

TRH (stimulated by low thyroid hormone) regulates TSH which stimulates thyroid hormone release from follicular lumens. Elevated levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the release of TRH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates _______

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates _____

A

follicular lumens of the thyroid to release thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

low thyroid hormone circulation stimulates _____

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is inhibited by ____

A

Elevated levels of thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

thyroid hormone is stored in what form?

A

Thyrocalcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T3 aka

A

triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T4 aka

A

Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is most T3 made?

A

When T4 loses an iodine atom it becomes T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

low levels of thyroxine cause _____

A

high TSH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

high levels of thyroxine cause ______

A

low TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what lab level do you expect to see when screening for hypothyroidism?

A

elevated TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what labs are used for thyroid monitoring?

A

TSH and thyroxine (T4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hypothyroid sx
``` hair thinning depression cold skin weak heartbeat slowed mind and body High LDL constipation myxedema dry skin big toungge ```
26
Hypothyroid may look like what other disease?
depression
27
Hypothyroid occurs regularly in what population?
postpartum women | and can exacerbate PP depression
28
Autoimmune disease causing Thyroid Hyperfunction thus: heat intolerance, bulging eyes, tachycardia, HTN, amenorrhea, diarrhea, tremors, weight loss
Grave’s disease
29
Thyrocalcitonin action
Decrease serum calcium. - via bone preservation of calcium and inhibits osteoclasts (break down bone) -Increases rate of calcium and phosphorus loss into urine.
30
Parathyroid hormone action
raise serum calcium via takes calcium from bone w/ osteoclasts Increases absorption of calcium from the small intestine by stimulating Vitamin D to facilitate Calcium-Protein binding Inhibiting calcium excretion by the kidneys
31
Thyrocalcitonin and Parathyroid hormone relationship
respond to serum calcium levels - do not respond to each other
32
muscle weakness, depression, fatigue, kidney stones, possible bone fractures think of what disease?
Hyperparathyroidism
33
Feedback mechanisms in regulating serum calcium that is too high
High Ca+ ----> stimulate thyroid to release ----> Thyrocalcitonin -----> wastes in urine and inhibits osteoclasts ------> decreases Ca+
34
Feedback mechanisms in regulating serum calcium that is too low
low Ca+ ----> parathyroid stimulated ---> Parathyroid hormone released ----> stimulates osteoclasts ---> stimulates Vit D to protein bind calciu ---> increases kidney absorption of Ca+ ---> raises Ca+
35
Cortisol actions
Increases gluconeogenesis > redistributes fat on ABD and trunk breakdown of proteins Lipolysis increase tissue responsiveness to catecholamines suppression of immune response >Anti inflammatory effects: decreased prostaglandin & leukotriene decreased capillary permeability
36
disease of muscle wasting, irritability, GI distress, increased infections, hyperglycemia, purple striae
Cushings syndrome
37
Addison's disease can be caused by ____
abrupt d/c of steroids | glands atrophied and unable to produce endogenous steroid hormones
38
Aldosterone actions
Increases sodium reabsorption Targets the distal renal tubule, sweat & salivary glands, intestines excretes K+
39
Aldosterone is stimulated by
increased potassium Decreased plasma volume, low serum sodium RAAS
40
Feedback mechanisms regulating sodium levels
Aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
41
ADH action
Responds to increased serum osmolality (concentrated) decreases permeability of distal renal tubules & collecting ducts Increased reabsorption of H20
42
ADH is inhibited by
decreased osmolarity ----> blocks ADH | (negative feedback)
43
disease of no ADH
diabetes insipidus | sx - excessive thirst
44
SGLTs
sodium glucose transport proteins Transport glucose from small intestine into bloodstream Transport glucose from glomerular filtrate back into bloodstream.
45
GLUTS
Transport glucose from bloodstream into cells
46
Alpha-glucosidase
in intestine | necessary for absorption of starches and disaccharides
47
Somatostatin:
Decreases GI activity to increase absorption of nutrients. Stimulated by high protein, carbs and fats. Inhibited by insulin
48
Incretins
Stimulates insulin release | Inhibits synthesis of glucagon
49
how does Insulin Resistance happen?
increased adipose tissue Adipose tissue has fewer insulin receptors as adipose tissue goes up effect of insulin decreases beta cells exerting more insulin with little effect beta cells become fatigued less beta cells produced inflammation causes cont damage to beta cells - adipose tissue causes inflammation
50
Hyperglycemia occurs at what percent of beta cell destruction?
15%
51
Clinical Manifestations of DM
3 P’s Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia watch for multiple fungal infections
52
complications of DM
``` Retinopathy Nephropathy - CKD Neuropathy Stroke Coronary disease Arterial disease DKA Cardiovascular Disease - Hypertension ```
53
MCV
size mean corpuscular volume
54
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Color of the RBC
55
RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)
RBC shape variation | - if a large variation in shape that is not good
56
vitamin K dependent clotting factors
10 9 7 2
57
Tissue Factor aka ___
factor III thromboplastin
58
iron in storage
serum ferritin
59
circulating iron
serum iron
60
reticulocytes =
immature RBCs
61
microcytic hypochromic low serum iron
Iron deficiency anemia
62
transferrin
transporter plasma
63
earliest indicator of iron def anemia
serum ferritin
64
``` normocytic low retic count normochromic or hypochromic Hbg low low iron ```
anemia of chronic disease

Chelsea's Advan Patho & Pharm 2018 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions