patho test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Streptococcus pyogenes causes what common infections?
A
strep throat acute pharyngitis (pharyngitis with confirmed strep A)
2
Q
H flu/ Haemophilus influenzae
commonly caused infections
A
otitis media
sinusitis
bronchitis
conjunctivitis
3
Q
Mycoplasma commonly caused infections
A
URI - (upper resp inf)
LRI (lower)
CAP (community acquired pneumonia)
4
Q
e.coli – Escherichia coli commonly causes what infections?
A
UTIs!
bacterial gastroenteritis
5
Q
Cellulitis is commonly caused by what pathogen/s?
A
usually strep or staph (Streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus)
*often community-acquired MRSA
6
Q
Tinea capitis commonly caused by
A
dermatophytes (fungus)
infection also known as - ringworm of the scalp
7
Q
staph aureas/Staphylococcus aureus commonly caused infections?
A
MRSA abcess
impetigo
8
Q
staph aureas/Staphylococcus aureus
commonly caused infections?
A
MRSA abcess
impetigo
9
Q
Adenovirus
commonly caused infections
A
respiratory illness - most infections are not severe.
sore throat bronchitis pneumonia diarrhea conjunctivitis
10
Q
Streptococcus pneumoniae
commonly causes what infections?
A
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
otitis media
sinusitis
bacterial meningitis
11
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
cause….?
A
Chlamydia and gonorrhea DUH!
12
Q
Acetylcholine general functions
A
movement control, cognition
“Cholinergic response”
CNS – memory, focus, learning
13
Q
Acetylcholine receptors
A
Muscarinic or Nicotinic
14
Q
Sympathetic Beta Receptors
A
Beta 1
beta 2
beta 3
15
Q
Sympathetic Alpha Receptors
A
alpha 1
alpha 2
16
Q
Alpha 1 functions
A
Vascular smooth muscles
Arteries - Peripheral constriction**
GI and urinary sphincters, decreased
GI motility
Dilatates eye
Arrector pili
think - alpha & arterials
17
Q
Alpha 2 functions
A
CNS “The regulator”
slows brain
18
Q
Sympathetic Neurotransmitters
A
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
19
Q
Dopamine general functions
A
affect, reward, movement
20
Q
Structural differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic
A
P - targeted organ response
(d/t Few post ganglionic branching)
S - multiple organ response at once
(multiple post ganglionic branching)
21
Q
“Fight of Flight”
A
Sympathetic
s = stress
22
Q
“Rest and Digest”
A
Parasympathetic
p = pleasure
eating and sleeping <3
23
Q
Beta 1 receptors activation
A
increased HR and contractility
release renin from kidney
decrease salivation
1 heart*
24
Q
Beta 2 receptor activation
A
Bronchial dilation
GI and urinary bladder
Skeletal muscle arteries
2 lungs
25
Cold feet are caused by what function?
alpha - arterial constriction moves blood away from periphery and to large muscle groups
26
Beta 3 receptor activity
gluconeogenesis
27
Parasympathetic Receptors
Muscarinic
| Nicotinic
28
Parasympathetic Receptors effects
decreased HR
- SA and VA node stimulation
skeletal muscle relaxation
Increased GI motility
29
GABA general function
general inhibition
30
Glutamic Acid/glutamate general function
general excitation!!!
| sensation
31
Substance P function
pain
32
glutamate's off switch
GABA
33
Serotonin general regulatory function
```
mood
appetite
sexual behavior
sleep
memory
learning
```
34
Dopamine general function
```
Control of coordination in movement
Enhances memory and learning
Focus and attention
Released during pleasurable situations
Stimulates seeking additional pleasurable activities (food, sex)
Control of nausea and vomiting
```
35
endogenous morphine aka...
endorphins
36
CNS neurotransmitters
```
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)
Substance P
Endorphins
```
37
endorphin general function
Reduces perception of pain
modulation of appetite, release of sex hormones, and enhancement of the immune response.
Ameliorates effects of stress
induced by exercise, excitement,
sex, love and spicy foods
(Produces feelings of euphoria)
38
Acetylcholine CNS general function
Triage
Rest, digest, and learn
Neuromodulator, not directily excitatory or inhibitory
39
Norepinephrine general function
affect, alertness
concentration
memory recall
40
Contact dermatitis characteristics
papule/s
erythematous
localized
asymmetrical
41
Psoriasis characteristics
```
Plaque
silver/white
thickened skin
Chronic
often associated joint pain
common on the scalp
```
42
urticaria characteristics
```
wheal/s
pink with surrounding erythema
irregular
raised
well-defined
pruritic
angioedema
```
43
melanoma characteristics
change in shape, diameter, color, thickness, irregular border
44
another word for moles
nevi
| singular -nevus
45
Acne Progression (4 step process)
Androgen Mediated Sebum Production
Keratinous Obstruction of sebaceous follicle outlet (Results in formation of comedones aka whiteheads)
Bacterial Colonization of trapped sebum (with Propionibacterium acnes)
Inflammatory reaction (Papules, Nodules and cysts)
46
Erythema multiforme characteristics
```
pink-red center with pale ring
acute, and self-limited
type IV hypersensitivity
d/t meds or infection
can be painful or itchy
```
47
Skin lesion descriptions to document
```
Form and structure
Size
Borders
Configuration
Distribution
```
48
Primary infection definition
occurs in an otherwise healthy host
49
Secondary infection definition
a host already compromised by a primary infection
50
Opportunistic infection definition
caused by host’s normal flora
51
major difference between gram + and gram - bacteria
the cell wall!
| gram + have thick layer of peptidoglycan
52
Atypical bacteria
Chlamydia (lack peptoglycan in cell wall, multi-phased)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall, highly pleomorphic)
Legionella (does not grow on traditional media)
53
Lipoteichoic acid effects in host?
causes fever
Inflammatory process - released from the bacterial cells mainly after bacteriolysis
induced by interleukin 1 -stimulates endogenous pyrogens
causes acute inflammation
recruits leukocytes and chemokine secretion
54
Lipoteichoic acid is in what kinds of bacteria?
| what is its effect?
gram +
| pyrogenic
55
Beta lactamase producers
S. epidermidis
Pseudomonas
Klebsiella
E. coli
S. aureus (impetigo,cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, toxic
shock, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis)
56
if patient presents with recurrent and unexpected candidiasis what should we think?
High blood glucose
yeast eats sugar - yummmmmmm
57
Subcutaneous mycoses characteristics
```
cysts or granulomas
Localized, dermis, muscle, fascia
Eosinophilia
Usually introduced through trauma
- rose gardener's thumb
```
58
Deep mycoses characteristics
Usually seen in immunosuppressed patients
| acquired by inhalation
59
Deep mycoses/ disseminated candidiasis characteristics
Usually seen in immunosuppressed patients
acquired by inhalation or contamination of wounds
indwelling catheters, IVs, peritoneal dialysis = risk
60
General rule where + or - bacteria can be found
above the belt = gram +
below the belt = gram -
61
General rule where + or - bacteria can be found
above the belt = gram +
ex impetigo - S aureus
below the belt = gram -
ex gonorrhea
62
what is an example of the failure of above the belt or below the belt rule ?
Cellulitis
63
why is periorbital cellulitis an emergency?
possible CNS complications
64
periorbital cellulitis possible causes?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
H. flu
* organisms that cause upper respiratory infections, particularly sinusitis.
65
patho of seizures
Excessive excitation – Glutamate
Los of inhibition - GABA
66
underlying causes of seizures
```
Increased ICP (ex: Eclampsia, tumor, edema)
Stroke
Infection
Hypoxia
Drugs or withdrawl
biochemical:
too much or too little Na+ or Glucose
too little Ca+ or Mag
too much Urate
```
67
partial seizures characteristics
one hemisphere
68
generalized seizure characteristics
both hemispheres
69
post ictal state seen in what kind of seizure?
tonic-clonic
70
A person experiences a unilateral, focal seizure and maintains consciousness. Which term is appropriate to describe this type of seizure?
Partial seizure
71
Anticholinergic Agents caused the opposite of effect of which system?
Parasympathetic
72
Anticholinergic Agents cause the opposite of effect of which system?
Parasympathetic
73
what is penumbra?
an area of limited circulation surrounding the area of infarction in ischemic stroke
74
why penumbra is critical?
for 2 to 4 hours it is not in an infarcted state
this gives us the critical window for treatment
penumbra is larger than the infarcted area - if perfusion is restored quickly = better outcomes/less deficits
75
patho of ischemic stroke
Atherosclorsis = damaged vessel walls
Platelet-activating factor is released from endothelium as inflammatory response causing micro- thrombi = occlusion, decreased O2...
inflammatory cascade activated...
glutamate levels rise in response to low energy stores...
rapid depolarizations and movement of ions = release of cytokines and Inflammation increases
76
posterior stroke sx
```
nystagmus!
Dizziness
unilateral limb weakness
ataxia
HA
nausea/vomiting
acute persistent vertigo
unsteadiness
head motion intolerance
```
77
posterior stroke evaluation
HINTS
| Horizontal Head Impulse Test, Nystagmus, Test of Skew - cover/uncover test
78
ABCD scoring system is used when and for what?
to determine the risk for stroke in the days following a TIA
age
BP
clinical features (weakness etc)
DM hx and duration of event
79
Neuro work should include
```
bedside neuro exam
HINTS, motor & sensory & vision, finger to nose,
heel to shin, reflexes
BMP - electrolytes imbalances
Tox screen
Coags
CBC with diff
MRI
EKG
```
80
Radiating pain is indicative of
nerve root involvement or damage
81
Mononeuropathy characteristics
```
well defined d/t innervation
- single nerve
weakness
paresthesia
pain
numbness within the nerve boundaries
```
example = carpal tunnel syndrome
82
Polyneuropathy characteristics
Degeneration of nerves
Usually symmetrical and distal
Sensory loss
motor and autonomic can be effected
83
polyneuopathy causes
chronic disease
DM
ETOH
HIV
84
Excess of some exogenous neurotransmitters triggers the brain to produce less, eventually depending on exogenous alone
defines what disorder?
substance abuse
85
Low levels of _____ can raise the risk of addiction
serotonin
86
feel good/statisfaction neurtrnsmittter
serotonin
87
focus neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
concentration and memory
88
rest,digest,learn neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
89
energetic neurotransmitter
dopamine
alertness*
90
relaxation neurotransmitter
gamma aminobutyricacid
91
pain neurotransmitter
substance P
92
feel GREAT neurotransmitter
endorphins
93
the frontal lobe is only as good as ....
the data it receives
94
we rely on the ____ to provide good input/data
limbic system
| emotional brain
95
Reward Pathway
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) determines whether a stimulus is rewarding or aversive
Nucleus Accumbens - mediates the rewarding effects
Anterior cingulate gyrus – navigates rewards and consequences
Pleasure releases dopamine
96
deficit in brain norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin is the underlying cause of _____
depression
97
chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system and elevated glucocorticoid secretion has be noted in _____
major depression
98
______ is a collection of illnesses characterized by thought disorders that reflect a break in reality or a splitting of the cognitive from the emotional side of a person’s personality.
Schizophrenia
It is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive defects are components of schizophrenia.
99
Drugs that increase ______ transmission such as levodopa or cocaine may produce psychosis at high doses.
dopamine
100
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions (false beliefs)
Hallucinations (auditory, olfactory, visual)
Disorganized speech
Disorganized behavior
(Too much dopamine )
101
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
```
Anhedonia (inability to experience joy)
Affect (flat)
Apathy
Loss of cognitive function
Loss of motivation
Attention deficit
```
102
unopposed ACh causes what symptoms?
Parkinsonian movements: rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors, akathisia and dystonia
103
4 cardinal symptoms characterize this disease
: resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia, and postural instability. Another hallmark feature of __ is asymmetrical symptom onset
Parkinson's
104
Olfactory disturbance may the earliest sign of this disease
Parkinson's
105
Parkinson’s Disease is due to the loss of ____
dopamine
