Patho neoplasia 1

Question 1

What is the trend in number of cases of cancer in Jordan?

Answer 1

Increasing

Question 2

How is a person’s life affected when diagnosed with cancer?

Answer 2

-Decrease in life quality:
Anxiousness and insomnia…
Physical impairments after treatment (eg edema)

-Financial loss due to treatment costs

-Chance for metastasis and/or death

Question 3

What is hemoptysis?

Answer 3

coughing blood (a symptom of lung cancer)

Question 4

What are 5 behavioral factors that can decrease/increase cancer development?

Answer 4

-Obesity
-Sedentary life style
-Smoking
-Alcohol/carcinogen consumption
-Diet

Question 5

What is a method to decrease cancer deaths besides behavioral adjustments?

Answer 5

Early screening to detect cancer before progression of cancer.

Question 6

What are the 2 most common types of cancer in Jordan in females and males?

Answer 6

Breast cancer in females and lung cancer in males.

Question 7

Which of these 2 factors has more effect on cancer development?
1-environmental factors
2-genetic factors?

Answer 7

Environmental.
A study shows that Japanese immigrants show a higher chance of developing breast cancer depending on where they migrate to.

Question 8

Why does risk of cancer increase with age?

Answer 8

1- Accumulation of mutations.
2- Decrease in immunity.

Question 9

What does Neoplasia mean?

Answer 9

Neo: new
Plasia: cell division

a neoplasm the region of increased cell growth. (not all tumors are neoplasms) (can be benign or malignant)

Question 10

What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?

Answer 10

Both show excessive proliferation, but a malignant neoplasm can invade other tissues and is often not neat in its look (not confined by boundaries of tissues)

Question 11

Why are malignant tumors harder to remove than benign ones?

Answer 11

Benign tumors are usually confined to the tissue itself, so it doesn’t spread and usually has a uniform shape. Malignant tumors travels into other tissues and don’t have a uniform shape.

Question 12

What is a polyp?

Answer 12

A polyp is a projecting growth of tissue from a surface in the body, usually a mucous membrane. (can be malignant) (can also be non-neoplastic like in inflammation)

Question 13

Why are harmless polyps and adenomas removed?

Answer 13

They can possibly transform from benign to malignant.

Question 14

What is clonality?

Answer 14

When a cell divides and all the daughter cells in the tumor are identical to the parent cell.

Question 15

What is autonomy?

Answer 15

Autonomic cells are cells that grow without the need for stimuli.

Question 16

How are benign tumors named?

Answer 16

cell name + oma suffix

hepatocyte benign tumor: hepatoma
glandular benign tumor: adenoma

Question 17

How are malignant tumors named?

Answer 17

Epithelial or stromal origin is first identified.
-Epithelial malignant tumor: carcinoma
-Stromal malignant tumor: sarcoma

Cell name is added
-squamous carcinoma
-liposarcoma (lipid cells)

Question 18

What is squamous cell papilloma?

Answer 18

finger-like benign tumor of squamous epithelium.

Question 19

What is a teratoma?

Answer 19

Benign tumor originating from germ cells, forming a tumor of different cell types. (found mainly in testis and ovaries).

Question 20

What is a hamartoma?

Answer 20

Benign tumor with a disorganized mixture of cells endogenous to tissue of origin.
eg a lung hamartoma is a disorganized collection of cartilage, alveoli, and blood vessels.

Question 21

What is a choristoma? (ectopic tissue)

Answer 21

Normal tissue in the wrong place and are not true neoplasms and is usually congenital.

eg pancreatic tissue in gallbladder.

Question 22

What are some exceptions to the tumor nomenclature?

Answer 22

Melanoma (melanocytes)
Seminoma (testicular germ cells)
Lymphoma (blood tumor)
Mesothelioma (mesothelial cells)
Multiple myeloma (plasma cells)

All are malignant