Patho final lec 1

Question 1

What are the 2 types of cell death?

Answer 1

-Necrosis: unprogrammed death
-Apoptosis: programmed death

Question 2

What are some forms of adaptation?

Answer 2

-Hypertrophy
-Atrophy
-Hyperplasia
-Metaplasia

Long-term adaptation to stress can cause cell injury.

Question 3

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 3

Increase in cell size and functional capacity.
It can become pathologic eg heart hypertrophy.

Question 4

What are some stimulants of hypertrophy?

Answer 4

-Hormonal stimulation
-Growth factors
-Increased functional demand like in hypertension.

Question 5

What is an aortic stenosis?

Answer 5

When the aortic valve narrows and blood cant flow normally.

Question 6

What happens to the heart after long periods of:
1- hypertension
2- aortic stenosis

Answer 6

1- Muscle hypertrophy to increase cardiac output (pathological adaptation)
2- Mix of muscle cell necrosis and hypertrophy due to lack of circulation to the heart cells.

Question 7

Why does the heart undergo hypertrophy instead of hyperplasia?

Answer 7

Myocytes cannot divide by mitosis and there are few progenitor cells present in the heart, so the heart adapts by increasing cell size.

Question 8

What organ can undergo physiological mix of hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 8

Uterine smooth muscle by stimulation of estrogen. (reversible)

Question 9

What are some stimulants for physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 9

Hormonal stimulation (breast in puberty)
Compensation of damage (eg liver via GFs)

Question 10

What are some pathologic hyperplasia inducers?

Answer 10

Viral infections (warts from HPV)
Excessive hormonal stimulation

Question 11

What are some examples of hormonally stimulated pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 11

Endometrial hyperplasia (estrogen)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (androgen)

Question 12

What are some causes of atrophy?

Answer 12

-Decreased work load
-Loss of innervation
-Diminished blood supply
-Inadequate nutrition (skeletal muscle)
-Loss of endocrine stimulation (uterine smooth muscle)
-Aging (could be due to lower blood supply like in ischemia).

Question 13

What are some risk factors for atrophy?

Answer 13

-Physical trauma damaging cells or nerves
-Diabetic neuropathy
-Diminished blood supply in diabetic patients and people with atherosclerosis
-Aging due to increased risk of ischemic disease which diminishes blood supply.

Question 14

What is metaplasia?

Answer 14

The reversible change of a differentiated cell type to another in order to better cope with a stressor.

Question 15

Is the programming of stem cells to differentiated cells considered metaplasia?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What is a common risk after developing metaplasia?

Answer 16

Developing cancer

Question 17

What are some stressors that cause metaplasia?

Answer 17

-Gastroesophageal reflux disease
-Vitamin A deficiency
-Smoking

Question 18

What is the common type of metaplasia in the bronchi?

Answer 18

Columnar epithelium —> simple squamous.

Question 19

Why does vitamin A deficiency increase risk of metaplasia in the bronchi?

Answer 19

Vitamin A is needed for normal epithelial differentiation

Question 20

What is the type of metaplasia happening in a smoker and why does the body respond that way?

Answer 20

ciliated pseudostratified to non-ciliated simple squamous which may be more protective from harmful smoking gases

Question 21

What is the difference between hypoxia and ischemia?

Answer 21

Ischemia the condition when blood doesn’t reach the tissue, which makes the cells hypoxic (no oxygen).

Question 22

What are the causes of cell injury?

Answer 22

-Oxygen Deprivation
-Chemical Agents
-Infectious Agents
-Immunologic Reactions
-Genetic Factors
-Nutritional Imbalances
-Physical Agents
-Aging

Question 23

What are some causes of oxygen deprivation?

Answer 23

-Ischemia
-Asthma
-High altitudes
-Anemia

Question 24

What are some chemicals that lead to cell damage?

Answer 24

-Pesticides and herbicides
-Strong acids or alkalis

Question 25

How does the genotype influence cell injury?

Answer 25

It controls how your body reacts and repairs damage.
Some mutations can limit DNA repair, causing cell damage or death.

Question 26

How does a bad diet lead to cell injury?

Answer 26

A deficiency in vitamins and essential nutrients needed for the normal metabolic activity and repair of the cells is disrupted.
Can cause oxidative stress when consuming highly processed foods.