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pathophysiology > patho exam GI > Flashcards

patho exam GI Flashcards

1
Q

GERD patho

A

reflux of gastric contents into lower esophagus – incompetent sphincter

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2
Q

r.f. GERD

A

hiatal hernia

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3
Q

s/s GERD

A

heartburn, regurgitation, nausea

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4
Q

complications GERD

A

ulcers, Barrett’s esophagus, inflammation

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5
Q

dx GERD

A

endoscopy, biopsy

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6
Q

patho esoph cancer

A

starts at inner layer & grows outward – 2 types, squamous cell carcinoma (most common) & adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

causes esoph cancer

A

alcoholism, smoking, GERD, silica dust, obesity, diet low in fruits/veg

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8
Q

diet to prevent esoph cancer

A

high in fruits/veg/fiber – vit A, C, B1, beta carotene, selenium

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9
Q

s/s esoph cancer

A

dysphagia, weight loss, pain, hoarseness, hemoptysis

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10
Q

r.f. esoph cancer

A

age 45-70, male, black race

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11
Q

dx esoph cancer

A

endoscopy, CT

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12
Q

pyloric obstruction

A

blocking/narrowing of opening btwn stomach & duodenum

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13
Q

causes pyloric obstruction

A

acquired or congenital

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14
Q

s/s pyloric obstruction

A

epigastric pain/fullness, nausea/vom, malnutrition, dehydration

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15
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach – WBC move into stomach wall as response to injury – can be acute or chronic – major symptom is pain

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16
Q

causes gastritis

A

h. pylori, pernicious anemia, aspirin/NSAID use, alcohol abuse, hypertrophic

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17
Q

peptic ulcer patho

A

break in normal tissue lining stomach/intestine

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18
Q

cause benign gastric ulcer

A

imbalance between secretion of acid & pepsin

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19
Q

cause/r.f. peptic ulcers

A

aspirin/NSAID use, H. pylori, chronic gastritis, smoking, increase age, mechanical vent

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20
Q

s/s peptic ulcers

A

abdominal pain – relieved by antacids/milk, occurring 2-4 hours after eating; nausea/vom; hematemesis; melena; weight loss

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21
Q

melena

A

blood causing black, tarry stools

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22
Q

hematochezia

A

blood causing red stools

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23
Q

upper GI bleed

A

mortality rate 6-10%

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24
Q

causes GI bleed

A

H. pylori, peptic ulcer, esoph varices, gastritis/duodenitis/esophagitis, Mallory-Weiss tear (bulimia), GI malignancy

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25
Q

s/s GI bleed

A

hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, melena, hematochezia, elevated BUN/creatinine

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26
Q

s/s perforated bowel

A

sudden severe pain

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27
Q

patho perforated bowel

A

fecal matter leaks into peritoneum –> sepsis, peritonitis

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28
Q

patho gastric cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of stomach most common cancer of GI system worldwide, but declining in US

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29
Q

r.f./causes gastric cancer

A

male; age > 40; diet high in salt, cured meat, low vit C; high rates in Japan, Chile, Iceland, UK; H. pylori; family hx; blood type A; pernicious anemia

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30
Q

s/s gastric cancer

A

loss of appetite, dysphagia, abdominal fullness/pain, nausea/vom, hematemesis, halitosis, weight loss, excessive belching/flatus

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31
Q

definition inflammatory bowel diseases

A

chronic, relapsing bowel disorders of unknown origin – Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis

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32
Q

patho Crohn’s disease

A

autoimmune disorder causing inflammation of GI tract – can affect whole tract, but small instestine/colon most common

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33
Q

cause Crohn’s disease

A

idiopathic w/genetic factor – whites and Jews more likely – mutations in CARD15/NOD2 gene associated

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34
Q

s/s Crohn’s

A

ab pain, diarrhea (possibly bloody), vomiting, weight loss

35
Q

patho ulcerative colitis

A

ulceration of colonic mucosa (sigmoid colon & rectum)

36
Q

causes ulcerative colitis

A

suggested: infectious, immunologic, dietary, genetic

37
Q

s/s colitis

A

diarrhea (10-20/day), bloody stools, cramp, psychosocial issues, onset in 20s-30s

38
Q

dx ulcerative colitis & Crohn’s

A

stool sample, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT

39
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease patho

A

intestinal obstruction caused by lack of nerves in all/part of large intestine (stool becomes trapped) – congenital

40
Q

s/s Hirschsprung disease

A

megacolon, failure to pass first stool w/in 48 hrs of delivery, green/brown vomit, ab swelling, bloody diarrhea, excessive flatus

41
Q

patho intussusception

A

telescoping of one portion of intestine into another, resulting in decreased blood supply & obstruction of passage – risk of sepsis & tissue death

42
Q

s/s intestinal obstruction (general)

A

ab fullness/distention/pain, flatus, vom, constipation, diarrhea

43
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

A

narcotics, infection, mesenteric ischemia, surgical complication, kidney disease, decreased potassium levels, hernia, scar tissue, gallstones, tumors

44
Q

dx intussusception

A

GI series

45
Q

r.f. colorectal cancer

A

diet high in fat, low in fiber – colonoscopy can be preventitive (begin age 50, 40 if family hx) – rectum is most common site

46
Q

dx colorectal cancer

A

fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy

47
Q

s/s colon cancer

A

diarrhea, blood in stool, constipation, ab cramps/gas/pain, weight loss, fatigue

48
Q

patho celiac disease

A

autoimmune reaction w/in small inestine to gluten – genetic – common in whites & Asians from India/Pakistan

49
Q

s/s celiac disease

A

mouth sores, night blindness, ab cramp/distention, increased appetite, constipation, diarrhea, dehydration, dry skin, vitamin deficiency

50
Q

patho cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder

51
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstone formation

52
Q

types of gallstones

A

cholesterol (most common), pigmented (cirrhosis)

53
Q

r.f. gallstones

A

obesity, middle age, Native American ancestry – hx: gallbladder, pancreas, ileal disease

54
Q

dx gallstones

A

CT, MRI, hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

55
Q

cause pancreatitis

A

injury/damage to pancreatic cells/ducts, causing leakage of enzymes into pancreatic tissue

56
Q

s/s pancreatitis

A

epigastric pain radiating to back, fever, leukocytosis, hypotension, hypovolemia, increase in serum amylase level

57
Q

r.f. pancreatitis

A

substance abuse, pancreatic cancer

58
Q

hep A transmission

A

fecal matter

59
Q

hep A char

A

requires contact isolation – does not destroy liver

60
Q

r.f. hep A

A

crowded, unsanitary conditions; food/water contamination

61
Q

hep B trans

A

contact w/ infected blood, body fluids, contaminated needles – maternal transmission in third trimester – drug addicts high risk

62
Q

hep B char

A

destroys liver, vaccine available

63
Q

hep C trans

A

blood transfusion, IV drug use

64
Q

hep C char

A

less severe than hep B, but does affect liver – stages – 50-80% of cases result in chronic hepatitis

65
Q

patho obstructive jaundice

A

blockage of bile duct (extrahepatic), destruction of liver cells (intrahepatic)

66
Q

patho hemolytic jaundice

A

excessive hemolysis of RBC or absorption of hematoma – babies, immature liver/kidneys

67
Q

patho cirrhosis

A

irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function/structure –fibrosis – biliary channels become obstructed & cause portal hypertension, hypoxic necrosis

68
Q

causes cirrhosis

A

alcohol abuse (most common), autoimmune/obstruction of bile canaliculi

69
Q

s/s cirrhosis

A

hyperbulirubinemia, decreased vit K absorption, prolonged PT, decreased albumin, low BP (systolic < 90)

70
Q

complication cirrhosis

A

ascites

71
Q

r.f. cleft lip/palate

A

multifactorial inheritance – maternal alcohol/tobacco use, maternal diabetes mellitus

72
Q

patho esoph atresia

A

esophagus ends in blind pouch – does not connect to stomach

73
Q

patho tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

A

abnormal connection between trachea & esophagus

74
Q

s/s TEF, atresia

A

pulmonary complications, cardio anomalies – inability to pass catheter into stomach at birth

75
Q

patho pyloric stenosis

A

obstruction of pylorus d/t hypertrophy of sphincter muscle – most common in full-term, white, male babies

76
Q

s/s pyloric stenosis

A

projectile vom, weight loss, electrolyte imbalance, hypertrophic pylorus is palpable in RUQ

77
Q

s/s intussusception peds

A

same as adult, addition of “currant jelly” stools

78
Q

s/s celiac disease peds

A

failure to grow/thrive, rickets, bleeding, anemia

79
Q

patho Kwashiorker

A

severe protein deficiency r/t long-term starvation

80
Q

Marasmus

A

deficiency of all nutrients d/t starvation

81
Q

s/s Kwashiorker

A

stunted physical/mental development, hepatomegaly, fatty liver, SQ fat

82
Q

s/s diarrhea peds

A

fever, irritability/listlessness, s/s dehydration

83
Q

patho portal hypertension

A

portal vein pressure > 10 mm Hg – caused by cirrhosis, atresia, thrombosis

84
Q

s/s portal HTN

A

ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, peritonitis, splenomegaly

pathophysiology (7 decks)

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