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pathophysiology > patho exam GI > Flashcards

patho exam GI Flashcards

1
Q

GERD patho

A

reflux of gastric contents into lower esophagus – incompetent sphincter

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2
Q

r.f. GERD

A

hiatal hernia

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3
Q

s/s GERD

A

heartburn, regurgitation, nausea

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4
Q

complications GERD

A

ulcers, Barrett’s esophagus, inflammation

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5
Q

dx GERD

A

endoscopy, biopsy

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6
Q

patho esoph cancer

A

starts at inner layer & grows outward – 2 types, squamous cell carcinoma (most common) & adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

causes esoph cancer

A

alcoholism, smoking, GERD, silica dust, obesity, diet low in fruits/veg

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8
Q

diet to prevent esoph cancer

A

high in fruits/veg/fiber – vit A, C, B1, beta carotene, selenium

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9
Q

s/s esoph cancer

A

dysphagia, weight loss, pain, hoarseness, hemoptysis

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10
Q

r.f. esoph cancer

A

age 45-70, male, black race

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11
Q

dx esoph cancer

A

endoscopy, CT

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12
Q

pyloric obstruction

A

blocking/narrowing of opening btwn stomach & duodenum

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13
Q

causes pyloric obstruction

A

acquired or congenital

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14
Q

s/s pyloric obstruction

A

epigastric pain/fullness, nausea/vom, malnutrition, dehydration

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15
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach – WBC move into stomach wall as response to injury – can be acute or chronic – major symptom is pain

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16
Q

causes gastritis

A

h. pylori, pernicious anemia, aspirin/NSAID use, alcohol abuse, hypertrophic

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17
Q

peptic ulcer patho

A

break in normal tissue lining stomach/intestine

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18
Q

cause benign gastric ulcer

A

imbalance between secretion of acid & pepsin

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19
Q

cause/r.f. peptic ulcers

A

aspirin/NSAID use, H. pylori, chronic gastritis, smoking, increase age, mechanical vent

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20
Q

s/s peptic ulcers

A

abdominal pain – relieved by antacids/milk, occurring 2-4 hours after eating; nausea/vom; hematemesis; melena; weight loss

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21
Q

melena

A

blood causing black, tarry stools

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22
Q

hematochezia

A

blood causing red stools

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23
Q

upper GI bleed

A

mortality rate 6-10%

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24
Q

causes GI bleed

A

H. pylori, peptic ulcer, esoph varices, gastritis/duodenitis/esophagitis, Mallory-Weiss tear (bulimia), GI malignancy

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25
s/s GI bleed
hematemesis, coffee-ground emesis, melena, hematochezia, elevated BUN/creatinine
26
s/s perforated bowel
sudden severe pain
27
patho perforated bowel
fecal matter leaks into peritoneum --> sepsis, peritonitis
28
patho gastric cancer
adenocarcinoma of stomach most common cancer of GI system worldwide, but declining in US
29
r.f./causes gastric cancer
male; age > 40; diet high in salt, cured meat, low vit C; high rates in Japan, Chile, Iceland, UK; H. pylori; family hx; blood type A; pernicious anemia
30
s/s gastric cancer
loss of appetite, dysphagia, abdominal fullness/pain, nausea/vom, hematemesis, halitosis, weight loss, excessive belching/flatus
31
definition inflammatory bowel diseases
chronic, relapsing bowel disorders of unknown origin -- Crohn's, ulcerative colitis
32
patho Crohn's disease
autoimmune disorder causing inflammation of GI tract -- can affect whole tract, but small instestine/colon most common
33
cause Crohn's disease
idiopathic w/genetic factor -- whites and Jews more likely -- mutations in CARD15/NOD2 gene associated
34
s/s Crohn's
ab pain, diarrhea (possibly bloody), vomiting, weight loss
35
patho ulcerative colitis
ulceration of colonic mucosa (sigmoid colon & rectum)
36
causes ulcerative colitis
suggested: infectious, immunologic, dietary, genetic
37
s/s colitis
diarrhea (10-20/day), bloody stools, cramp, psychosocial issues, onset in 20s-30s
38
dx ulcerative colitis & Crohn's
stool sample, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT
39
Hirschsprung's disease patho
intestinal obstruction caused by lack of nerves in all/part of large intestine (stool becomes trapped) -- congenital
40
s/s Hirschsprung disease
megacolon, failure to pass first stool w/in 48 hrs of delivery, green/brown vomit, ab swelling, bloody diarrhea, excessive flatus
41
patho intussusception
telescoping of one portion of intestine into another, resulting in decreased blood supply & obstruction of passage -- risk of sepsis & tissue death
42
s/s intestinal obstruction (general)
ab fullness/distention/pain, flatus, vom, constipation, diarrhea
43
causes of intestinal obstruction
narcotics, infection, mesenteric ischemia, surgical complication, kidney disease, decreased potassium levels, hernia, scar tissue, gallstones, tumors
44
dx intussusception
GI series
45
r.f. colorectal cancer
diet high in fat, low in fiber -- colonoscopy can be preventitive (begin age 50, 40 if family hx) -- rectum is most common site
46
dx colorectal cancer
fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy
47
s/s colon cancer
diarrhea, blood in stool, constipation, ab cramps/gas/pain, weight loss, fatigue
48
patho celiac disease
autoimmune reaction w/in small inestine to gluten -- genetic -- common in whites & Asians from India/Pakistan
49
s/s celiac disease
mouth sores, night blindness, ab cramp/distention, increased appetite, constipation, diarrhea, dehydration, dry skin, vitamin deficiency
50
patho cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
51
cholelithiasis
gallstone formation
52
types of gallstones
cholesterol (most common), pigmented (cirrhosis)
53
r.f. gallstones
obesity, middle age, Native American ancestry -- hx: gallbladder, pancreas, ileal disease
54
dx gallstones
CT, MRI, hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
55
cause pancreatitis
injury/damage to pancreatic cells/ducts, causing leakage of enzymes into pancreatic tissue
56
s/s pancreatitis
epigastric pain radiating to back, fever, leukocytosis, hypotension, hypovolemia, increase in serum amylase level
57
r.f. pancreatitis
substance abuse, pancreatic cancer
58
hep A transmission
fecal matter
59
hep A char
requires contact isolation -- does not destroy liver
60
r.f. hep A
crowded, unsanitary conditions; food/water contamination
61
hep B trans
contact w/ infected blood, body fluids, contaminated needles -- maternal transmission in third trimester -- drug addicts high risk
62
hep B char
destroys liver, vaccine available
63
hep C trans
blood transfusion, IV drug use
64
hep C char
less severe than hep B, but does affect liver -- stages -- 50-80% of cases result in chronic hepatitis
65
patho obstructive jaundice
blockage of bile duct (extrahepatic), destruction of liver cells (intrahepatic)
66
patho hemolytic jaundice
excessive hemolysis of RBC or absorption of hematoma -- babies, immature liver/kidneys
67
patho cirrhosis
irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function/structure --fibrosis -- biliary channels become obstructed & cause portal hypertension, hypoxic necrosis
68
causes cirrhosis
alcohol abuse (most common), autoimmune/obstruction of bile canaliculi
69
s/s cirrhosis
hyperbulirubinemia, decreased vit K absorption, prolonged PT, decreased albumin, low BP (systolic < 90)
70
complication cirrhosis
ascites
71
r.f. cleft lip/palate
multifactorial inheritance -- maternal alcohol/tobacco use, maternal diabetes mellitus
72
patho esoph atresia
esophagus ends in blind pouch -- does not connect to stomach
73
patho tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
abnormal connection between trachea & esophagus
74
s/s TEF, atresia
pulmonary complications, cardio anomalies -- inability to pass catheter into stomach at birth
75
patho pyloric stenosis
obstruction of pylorus d/t hypertrophy of sphincter muscle -- most common in full-term, white, male babies
76
s/s pyloric stenosis
projectile vom, weight loss, electrolyte imbalance, hypertrophic pylorus is palpable in RUQ
77
s/s intussusception peds
same as adult, addition of "currant jelly" stools
78
s/s celiac disease peds
failure to grow/thrive, rickets, bleeding, anemia
79
patho Kwashiorker
severe protein deficiency r/t long-term starvation
80
Marasmus
deficiency of all nutrients d/t starvation
81
s/s Kwashiorker
stunted physical/mental development, hepatomegaly, fatty liver, SQ fat
82
s/s diarrhea peds
fever, irritability/listlessness, s/s dehydration
83
patho portal hypertension
portal vein pressure > 10 mm Hg -- caused by cirrhosis, atresia, thrombosis
84
s/s portal HTN
ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, peritonitis, splenomegaly

pathophysiology (7 decks)

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