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pathophysiology > immunology/infection > Flashcards

immunology/infection Flashcards

1
Q

factors for infection

A

mechanism of action, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, toxigenicity

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2
Q

infectivity

A

ability to replicate and infect

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3
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

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4
Q

virulence

A

measurement of pathogen’s ability to kill host

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5
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability to produce toxins/endotoxins which further cause cell death

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6
Q

treatment for chickenpox/shingles

A

acyclovir – may be given prophylactically

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7
Q

stages of infection

A

portal of entry, spread of infection (colonization), invasion, multiplication, spread of disease (portal of exit)

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8
Q

spread of infection (colonization)

A

pathogen attacks cells, adheres to them, and releases enzymes to destroy cell’s protective barrier

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9
Q

fever

A

results from cytokines released, causing inflammation

caused by exogenous & endogenous pyrogens which act directly on hypothalamus

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10
Q

stages of infection

A

incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescent

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11
Q

prodromal stage

A

can last for several weeks – infected individual may be asymptomatic but then begins to suffer from nonspecific flu-like symptoms

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12
Q

myalgia

A

muscle ache

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13
Q

acute stage

A

individual begins to feel better but appears more ill because of body’s immune response

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14
Q

convalescent stage

A

recovery is characterized by gradual return of energy & sense of well-being

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15
Q

diagnostics for infection

A

culture – blood, urine, stool, sputum, body fluids

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16
Q

risks of antibiotics

A

kill normal flora – can lead to resistance, requiring more potent drugs which may damage liver, kidneys

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17
Q

inflammation

A

provides rapid, nonspecific response to injury/invasion that removes/confines injurious agents, stimulates immune response, promotes healing

a vascular, cellular, chemical process

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18
Q

symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

result from increased blood flow (hyperemia), increased vascular permeability, movement of WBC to area of injury

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19
Q

first line of defenses

A

natural immunity, natural barriers (skin, ear wax, mucus) – kill bacteria before it enters body

tight junctions between epithelial cells, mechanical clearance of pathogens, body surface temperature (too low for most microorg.)

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20
Q

second line of defenses

A

inflammation and mast cell degranulation

complex process requires vascular, cellular, chemical activity

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21
Q

third line of defenses

A

adaptive immunity (B&T cells)

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22
Q

biochemical barriers

A

chemicals produced by host cells & normal bacterial flora to prevent pathogen invasion (first line of defense)

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23
Q

sebum barrier

A

contains antibacterial/antifungal fatty acids that can kill bacteria

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24
Q

normal flora as barrier

A

on skin & mucous membranes – can protect against invasion by pathogens through production of chemicals that are toxic to pathogenic microorganisms

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25
mast cell
releases chemicals in degranulation that initiate a vascular response: vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability in area of injury originate in bone marrow, granulated -- release chemicals in response to physical injury, chemical agents, immunological mechanisms
26
acute inflammatory response
vascular changes allow cells & proteins to move out of vessels into injured tissues vascular response complemented by cellular (neutrophils, macrophages) coordinated by plasma proteins & cytokines
27
vasoactive cytokines
histamine & serotonin
28
function of histamine
contributes to inflammatory response by interacting with histamine 1 (H1) receptors stimulation of these receptors causes brief vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation to promote acute inflammatory vascular response
29
process of mast cell degranulation
histamine released, causes vascular effects chemotactic factors attract neutrophils & eosinophils
30
3 plasma protein systems
complement system (cytokines), clotting system, Kinin system (pain)
31
complement system
composed of plasma proteins can be activated by lysosomal enzymes released by neutrophils, but most often activated by antigen-antibody complexes & bacterial waste products (toxins)
32
actions of complement components
opsonization; chemotaxis; induce mast cell degranulation, cell lysis & death (membrane attack complex)
33
opsonization process
works on capsules of bacteria -- strengthens adherence of phagocyte to pathogen opsonins include complement & antibodies
34
phagocytosis process
``` recognition & adherence engulfment/endocytosis formation of phagosome formation of phagolysosome destruction by lysosomal enzymes ```
35
interleukins
important cytokines to both innate and acquired immunity -- regulate inflammatory & immune responses
36
IL-1
interleukin that causes fever & activates phagocytes
37
pyrogen
causes fever
38
IL-6
interleukin produced by macrophages & lymphocytes, stimulates proteins of inflammation
39
IL-10
anti-inflammatory interleukin that balances inflammatory & immune responses by reducing production of inflammatory cytokines
40
interferons
protect against viral infections produced & released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
41
types of interferons
IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma
42
IFN-alpha & IFN-beta
induce production of antiviral proteins
43
IFN-gamma
increases microbiodical activity of macrophages
44
types of exudative fluids
serous,fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic exudates
45
serous exudate
watery -- indicates inflammation (i.e. fluid inside blister)
46
fibrinous exudate
thick, clotted -- indicates more advanced infection than serous, occurs prior to pus formation fibers visible under microscope
47
purulent exudate
pus -- indicates bacterial infection
48
hemorrhagic exudate
contains blood, indicates bleeding
49
leukocytosis
increased numbers of circulating leukocytes
50
acute-phase reactants
plasma proteins produced by liver in response to inflammation fibrinogen & c-reactive protein
51
C-reactive protein
elevated in cardiac disease -- plaque buildup causes swelling before occlusion & death of tissue
52
chronic inflammation
lasts 2 wks or longer often related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response formation of granuloma
53
granuloma
wall of epithelioid cells surrounding foreign body or infectious agent, often has necrotic tissue at core
54
sarcoidosis
idiopathic autoimmune disorder characterized by granuloma formation, especially in lungs & on skin
55
adaptive immunity
each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen -- if a pathogen invades again, the memory cells (B & T cells) are able to eliminate it
56
antigen presentation
body cells capture foreign antigens and enable their recognition/memory by T cells
57
passive immunity
babies receive maternal IgG through the placenta and breast milk -- temporary protection, because the baby/fetus does not create its own antibodies/memory cells can also be transferred artificially via serum transfusion, IVIG, monoclonal antibodies (MAb)
58
risks of passive immunization
hypersensitivity reactions, serum sickness
59
monoclonal antibodies (MAb)
cloned in lab to attack specific antigens -- all drugs that end in "-mab" -- often used in cancer therapy, but causes risk of immune response
60
humoral immunity
mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B cells, which bind to antigens on pathogens to flag them for destruction
61
immunoglobulins
Y-shaped glycoproteins that function as antibodies -- found in blood & tissue fluids as well as secretions synthesized by plasma cells (derived from B cells)
62
5 types of antibodies
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
63
IgG
most abundant -- present in body fluids & enters tissues only antibody to cross placenta protects against bacteria, toxins, viruses, & activates complement system
64
IgM
first antibody to appear in response to an antigen & first made by newborn -- presence suggests current infection
65
IgA
found in saliva, tears, colostrum, and bronchial, GI, prostatic, vaginal secretions primary defense against local infections of mucosal tissues by preventing pathogen attachment to epithelial cells
66
IgE
involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering release of histamine -- can cause anaphylaxis
67
functions of antibodies
neutralization of bacterial toxins & viruses, opsonization of encapsulated bacteria
68
opsonization
antibodies & complement bind to capsule of bacteria to make it more easily phagocytized
69
secretory immune system
B lymphocytes in lacrimal and salivary glands as well as lymphoid tissue of breast, bronchi, intestines, genitourinary tract prevent invaders from entering body through these areas
70
cell-mediated immunity
involves activation of macrophages, NK, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and release of cytokines
71
antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
cause apoptosis in body cells displaying foreign antigens
72
major histocompatability complex (MHC) antigens
enable the immune system to recognize its own antigens/cells -- called HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in humans
73
types of T lymphocytes
T cytotoxic, T helper, lymphokine-producing, memory, NK
74
natural killer cells (NK)
provide cellular immunity through nonantigenic recognition of abnormal cells (detects chemical changes on cell surface, binds to the cell, and kills it) type of T lymphocyte
75
T-cell receptor complex (TCR)
surface receptor that can recognize and bind antigens each T lymphocyte has TCR for a specific antigen
76
CD cells
CD molecules on T lymphocytes -- include CD3, CD4, CD8
77
CD3
active in TCR
78
CD4
on T helper cells -- binds to MCH II molecules on antigen-presenting cells -- disabled in HIV
79
CD8
on T cytotoxic cells -- binds to MHC I molecules
80
T cytotoxic cells
aka CD8 cells because they have a CD8 receptor -- directly kill infected/malignant cells through production of toxins
81
lymphokine-activated killer activity
NK cell activity is enhanced in vitro by exposure to IL-2
82
B lymphocytes
mature in bone marrow by acquiring BCRs -- each cell has unique antigen receptor
83
B-cell receptors (BCRs)
specific membrane-bound antigen receptors on the surface of B cells
84
clonal selection
B cell finds and binds to its unique antigen -- the B cell becomes activated to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
85
plasma cells
excrete antibodies
86
memory cells
remain in system for long periods in order to confer long-lasting immunity to an antigen
87
cytokines
low-molecular-weight proteins made by cells that affect behavior of other cells
88
functions of cytokines
mediate inflammation & attract/activate phagocytes maturation factor for WBC/RBC
89
complement system
mediator of innate and adaptive immunity that enables body to produce inflammatory response, lyse foreign cells, increase phagocytosis consists of group of proteins that are normally present but inactice in circulation -- activation is initiated by antibody bound to antigens on surface of microbes
90
functions of complement system
opsonization, chemotaxis, triggers assembly of MAC
91
membrane attack complex (MAC)
leads to lytic destruction of many kinds of cells, including RBC, platelets, bacteria, lymphocytes

pathophysiology (7 decks)

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