patho exam 5 Flashcards
how much cardiac output goes to the kidneys
20-25%
Diuresis results in what side effect
hypokalemia
most common type of renal stones are
calcium deposit stones- doctor will recommend low calcium diet to prevent hypercalcemia
what is hypospadias anatomy
urethral meatus opening located on ventral side of penis rather than the tip
chordee
results from hypospadias- penis is curved or twisted (torsion)
wilms tumor
nephroblastoma- tumor of the kidney, causes kidney dysfunction
wilms tumor is diagnosed by
a biopsy- child will have abd swelling
nocturnal emesis
nighttime wetting
primary and secondary emesis
primary- child hasnt been fully potty trained
secondary- child has a period of dryness then wets the bed
compact bone vs spongy bone
compact is tightly packed bone
spongy is more porous
volkmann canal
allows large blood vessels to penetrate the inner structures of our bones- found in larger bones
diarthrosis
found in all synovial joints, helps joint move freely
symphysis
fibrocartilage that connects the bone
synchondrosis
Hyland cartilage found in epithelial growth plates of growing child
troponin and tropomyosin
Enzymes produced to prevent muscle contraction
pt with tremor will have low
troponin and tropomyosin bc their muscles are constantly contracting
sarcopenia
progressive disease that causes decrease in muscle mass and strength of the bones
what is subluxation
partial dislocation- Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost not fully lost
sprain
Tear or injury to a ligament
strain
tear or injury to a muscle or tendon
Epicondylopathy
tear of a tendon where it attaches to a bone- found at the end of long bones such as elbow
epicondylopathy are related to what injury
tennis elbow (lateral) golfer elbow (medial)
epicondylopathy is diagnosed how
MRi
Rhabdomyolysis s/s triad
Muscle pain
Weakness
Dark urine
how is rhabdomyolysis diagnosed
Diagnosed when Creatinine Kinase level is five to ten times higher then normal due to protein released from muscle damage
osteoporosis
Metabolic bone disease, Poorly mineralized bone and increased risk of fractures, old bone reabsorbed faster than new bone is made
manifestations of osteoporosis
Pain and bone deformity because of fracture
Kyphosis, Hunchback caused by vertebral collapse
osteomalacia
Metabolic disease, characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization of osteoid. Soft bone disease”
osteomalacia results from
Vit D deficiency
Causes of Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune chronic disease, cause unknown- multifactorial
Ankylosing spondylitis
chronic Inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joints causing stiffening and fusion of the joints
how to help ankylosing spondylitis
Weight loss, Strengthen pelvic muscles & holistic measures
Fibromyalgia is chronic __
Chronic widespread diffuse joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points
check hip clicking in children to assess for
hip dysplasia
look for odonalic click in hips, check heel length
Osgood Schlatter disease
Inflammation of patellar tendon
Growing teenage boys
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
short life span, debilitating
treatment of duchenne
steroids, long term care
osteosarcoma is present in what bones
the distal bones
ewing sarcoma is
a tumor that affects the small round cells in the bone marrow and soft tissue
functions of nasopharynx
The nasopharynx allows air to flow from the nose to the lungs by connecting the nasal passages to the rest of the respiratory system , humidify
cells that create surfactant are
type 2 alveolar cells
surfactant helps prevent
the alveoli from collpasing
Pulm function tests test for
vital capacity
vital capacity is
the maximum amount of CO2 that is expired
empyema
pus in the pleural space of the lungs- dark sludgy
what causes empyema
Pseudomonas or staph bacteria causes this
asthma is
chronic inflammation of the airways- genetic and environmental factors such as allergens and pollution= mast cells activation
asthma wheeze
Expiratory wheeze- musical sounds- from air going through a narrow airway
Pneumonia
lower respiratory tract infection caused by bacteria or viral
Tuberculosis is
infection by the mycobacterium tuberculosis
TB is spread by
airborne transmission - need negative pressure roon
TB tested how
Acid Fast test
who is at highest risk for a PE
Pregnant woman
PE most commonly arise from
deep veins in the lower legs
what has to be ruled out for a PE
Rule out R heart strain w/ echocardiogram
s/s of PE
SOB, tachycardia
croup
viral infection in peds, barking cough
what helps croup
cold air
resp distress syndrome happens when
Newborn demonstrates RDS after birth
influenza complications
bronchitis obliterans- Occlusion of bronchus due to the influenza
cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive inherited disease
cystic fibrosis tested how
Test amount of chloride in sweat- chloride sweat test to diagnose
SIDS happens most when
2 to 4 months
lay baby on back , NO co sleeping
sublaxation s/s
major complication of osteoporosis
fractures
secondary osteoporosis
caused by conditions such as Hormonal imbalances
Medications
Disease
gold standard for detecting osteoporosis
dual x ray
