PATHO: CELLULAR INJURY AND INFLAMMATION

Question 1

DESCRIBE EVENTS OF APOPTOSIS VERSUS NECROSIS

Answer 1

APOPTOSIS: Reduced cell, fragmented nucleosome sized material, intact cell membrane, no adjacent inflammation, physiologi
NECROSIS: opposite of apoptosis

Question 2

stimulus for hypetrophy

what is the end product

Answer 2

functional demand/ hormonal stimulation

PROTEIN ang nagpapalaki

Question 3

stimulus for hyperplasia

Answer 3

hormonal/compensatory

increase output of new cells from stem cells

Question 4

metaplasia, reversible or irreversible

Answer 4

reversible

Question 5

decreased basophili and chromatin of nucleus is called

Answer 5

karyolysis

Question 6

nuclear shrinkage with increased basophilia

Answer 6

pyknosis

Question 7

fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

Answer 7

karyorrhexis

Question 8

kind of necrosis involved in gangrenous necrosis

Answer 8

coagulative

Question 9

elements of fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 9

fibrin and immune complexes

Question 10

fundamental cause of cell death

Answer 10

decreased ATP

Question 11

intrinsic initiation phase of apoptosis steps

Answer 11

inactivation of BCL2- activation on BAK AND BAX- leakage of cytochrome C- activation of caspases

Question 12

extrinsic initiation of apoptosis involves what?

Answer 12

attachment of fast ligand

Question 13

name the initiator and executioner caspases

Answer 13

executioner caspases: 3,6
initiator caspases:
extrinsic: 8,10
intrinsic:9

Question 14

accumulation of ____seen in steatosis

Answer 14

TAG

Question 15

alpha 1 antitrypsin PAS _____ diastase_____

Answer 15

pas positive

diastase resistant

Question 16

glycogen PAS ____ diastase____

Answer 16

pas positive

diastase sensitive

Question 17

type of tissue in dystrophic versus metastatic calcification

Answer 17

dystrophic: necrotic
metastatic: live

Question 18

increased calcium levels seen in dystrophic or metastatic calcification

Answer 18

increased in metastatic

normal in dystrophic

Question 19

insulin promotes or defers cellular aging

Answer 19

promotes

Question 20

name three intracellular signals that are sensor of cell damage

Answer 20

uric acid
ATP
k

Question 21

first event of inflammation

Answer 21

vasodilation

Question 22

first vessels to dilate in inflammation

Answer 22

arterioles

Question 23

adhesion molecules involved in rolling of wbc

Answer 23

selectin

Question 24

adhesion molecule of adhesion of wbc

Answer 24

integrin

Question 25

cytokines that have rolling and adhesion effects

Answer 25

TNF, IL 1

Question 26

adhesion molecule involved in diapedesis

Answer 26

cd 31 and pecam 1

Question 27

usually neutrophils are only present at the site of inflammation for 48h but this bacteria can illicit neutrophilia for several days

Answer 27

pseudomonas

Question 28

give three anti inflammatory cytokines

Answer 28

TGF beta, IL-10, lipoxin

Question 29

parent compound of serotonin

Answer 29

tryptophan

Question 30

c1 inhibitory deficiency

Answer 30

hereditary angioedema

Question 31

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is the absense of?

Answer 31

decay accelerating factor and CD59 deficiency

Question 32

deficiency in late components of the complement will predispose the patient with infections from

Answer 32

neisseria gonorrheae

Question 33

platelet activating factor is similar to what biochemical compound

Answer 33

histamine

Question 34

effect of bradykinins

Answer 34

vascular permeability and contraction of smooth muscle

Question 35

neuropeptides like substance p , effect

Answer 35

vascular permeability and BP regulation

Question 36

microscopic hall mark of acute inflammation

Answer 36

vasodilation and accumulation of PMSs

Question 37

principal cells involved in chronic inflamm

Answer 37

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 38

Interferon gamma and IL 12 pro or anti inflammatory

Answer 38

pro inflammatory

Question 39

IL 13, 14 pro or anti inflammatory

Answer 39

anti inflammatory

Question 40

T helper cells involved in autoimmune diseases

Answer 40

TH1 and TH17

Question 41

IL 4 pro or anti inflamm

Answer 41

anti inflamm

Question 42

IL 6 pro or anti inflam

Answer 42

six is evil , so pro inflamm

Question 43

labile/ stable/permanent: hematopoeitic stem cells

Answer 43

labile

Question 44

labile/ stable/permanent: surface epithelium

Answer 44

labile

Question 45

at what phase of the cell cycle are stble cells arrested

Answer 45

G0

Question 46

labile/ stable/permanent: liver

Answer 46

stable

Question 47

labile/ stable/permanent: neurons

Answer 47

permanent

Question 48

labile/ stable/permanent: liver

Answer 48

stable

Question 49

labile/ stable/permanent: cardiac

Answer 49

permanent

Question 50

labile/ stable/permanent: endothelium

Answer 50

stable

Question 51

labile/ stable/permanent: skeletal muscle cells

Answer 51

permanent

Question 52

labile/ stable/permanent: pancreas

Answer 52

stable

Question 53

labile/ stable/permanent: kidney

Answer 53

stable

Question 54

hallmark of repair, what are its components

Answer 54

granulation tissue fibroblast loose CT new blood vessels inflammatory cells

Question 55

central cells in repair

Answer 55

macrophage

Question 56

most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of CT

Answer 56

TGF Beta

Question 57

how does glucocorticoid inhibit healing

Answer 57

inhibits TGF beta

Question 58

cetrilobular hemorrhage is seen in acute/chronic stasis

Answer 58

chronic

Question 59

lines of zahn are seen in arterial /venous

Answer 59

arterial

Question 60

sites where arterial thrombosis is most common

Answer 60

coronary , cerebral, femoral

Question 61

most common source of pulmonary embolism

Answer 61

DVT

Question 62

most common source of a systemic thrombi

Answer 62

MURAL thrombus | remember: abnormalities in heart contraction causes mural thrombi

Question 63

most common clinical manifestation of a pulmonary emboli

Answer 63

clinically silent, but may manifest with pulmonary hemorrhage due to the dual blood supply

Question 64

amount of air that can cause embolism

Answer 64

100cc

Question 65

t/f the lungs are resistant to hypoxic injury

Answer 65

true , therefore its not airway breathing circulation na | its circulation first, kaya na yan ni lungs!!!